HIST1101AD World History I Exam #3

Carolingian Dynasty

* Aka Franks
* Gov't was most advanced since Rome + would be the model for centuries
* founder of France and Germany

Charlemagne (rise to power)

* became king
* Continued tradition of connection between kings and Pope
* Created vast empire
* Great Military Leader
* Loyalty to him + Church
* increased infrastructure, economic + legal reforms

\*Gov't was most advanced since Rome + would be the model for centuries

\*Coronation by Pope Leo III in 800

* Became the formal protector of Rome + Church
* Cemented relationship between Roya + Papal authority

Charlemagne (legacy)

* Ideal model of warrior King
* Established power of Roman Church
* Helped later Renaissance
* Birth of France + Germany (his crown would pass to Holy Roman Emperor)
* Embodied fusion of Germanic, Roman, Christian culture (basis of European society)
* Helps create feudalism

Carolingian Renaissance

Return of education, culture, arts of West (limited)

Frankish Collapse

* Charlemagne's Kingdom passed to his son + 3 grandsons who divided the empire
* Could not establish the control Charlemagne had
* Internal problem + attacks by Vikings and other groups
* Local Nobility had more success defending lands + gained power in 9th +10th cent

Feudalism

* A system of obligations that bound noble lords and their subjects
* Lesser nobles (vassals) pledge their loyalty to greater ones (or Kings) and receive land (fief) or wealth
* Warrior society of knights + nobles - keep power + better protect land/wealth
* Serfs - Peasants who worked land on manor and transformed agricultural society

King - noble - vassal - peasant

Crusades (reasons)

* Religious Duty
* They and families would be absolved of sins
* Acquire wealth + land

\*Many lesser nobles had no chance to gain wealth or land in west

_____ attacked Christians, Jews, Muslims and plunder on their way to Jerusalem

Crusades (results)

* Total of 8 major _____- contributed to lasting bitterness between Christians + Muslims
* Opened exchange of knowledge between East + West
* ____ stopped - nations had more pressing issues but idea of ____(spreading Christianity) never faded

Pope Urban II

* Christian "Holy War" towards Muslims who "occupied" Holy Land
* Byzantine Emperor Alexius asked ____ for help against "Truth + Arbs"
* ____ urged Europeans to go on Crusades to take back Holy Land + Jerusalem (he was also looking to gain power for himself)

Emperor Alexius

Byzantine Emperor ___ asked Pope Urban II for help against "Truth + Arbs"

Hinduism

From word "Hind" (Arabic word for India)

* Has roots with ancient Vedic peoples
* Brahmanic Vedic religion expanded into rural areas of India
* Leaders wanted to get away from influence of Buddhism which spread in urban centers would absorb Buddhist ideas
* Leaders of Indian Gupta Empire adopted ___ and would help it spread
* Worshipers absorbed many goods to represent beliefs - attracted more followers - preferred personal worship
* Created Laws of Manu to guide personal life

Tang Dynasty

* expanded boundaries of China + restored power
* Massive military - conquered 4 million square miles
* Population growth, agrarian advances, long-distance trade aided the success
* Ruled by political elite + Confucian ideals - used civil service exams

\*China was perhaps the world's premiere empire by 750ce

Song Dynasty

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* Rebuilt China after collapsing of Tang
* Emperor Taizu ended fragmentation - reconquered kingdoms
* Established a great political elite - not a great military power
* compared with other kingdoms
* Established a strong economy based on mass manufacturing (iron, porcelain, silk)

Emperor Taizu

* Founded the Song Dynasty
* ended fragmentation - reconquered kingdoms

Mayans

Classical Period

* ___ empire was a collection of smaller Kingdoms or city states - shared culture
* Ruled over by lineage-obsessed kings
* Mostly agrarian + commercial economy
* Mathematical + engineering skill
* Created calendar and studied movements of celestial bodies
* Desire for human sacrifice to please gods drove conflict
* War decayed civilization and ___ centers were abandoned
* Others flourished in North but slow decline would continue
* Last ___ centers were conquered by the Spanish

Kingdom of Ghana

* became center for gold, ivory, salt trade
* Muslim merchants from North Africa stretched across Sahara

Mali

* founded in 12th cent replaced Ghana - Legendary founder was Sundiata the "Lion King"
* Dynamic trade networks along coasts and the interior of Continent
* Salt + gold were most valuable even beyond the Sahara
* Slaves also shipped to Muslim communities of North Africa + Egypt

Sundiata

"Lion King" founded Mali in 12th cent replaced Ghana

Mansa Musa I

* King
* Most famous ruler
* Made Mali known to outside world on his pilgrimage to Mecca
* Traveled with great displays of wealth

Timbuktu

* Built by Mansa Musa I
* Great city of the Mali Kingdom became a commercial, educational and religious center

Mongols (empire)

* Nomadic peoples from central Asia
* Great warriors + horsemen
* united by Temujin (Genghis Khan) invades China
* Conquer Asia, Middle East, East Europe
* With conquest came incorporation + assimilation of cultures; increased trade + contact
* Control began to cede to local administrators + Their leaders even fought each other
* power diminished by the 14th cent.

Mongols (legacy)

* Conquests linked Afro-Eurasia more
* Islam was disrupted and fractured
* China (Yuan Dynasty) was divided + changed but would emerge politically unified (Ming Dynasty 1368)
* Brought other cultures into China + products out
* Paved way for emergence of other civilization (Safafids - Iran, Russia, Ottomans, Mughals - India)
* Opened "Silk Road" to Asia for Europeans

*Unleashed the Black Plague

Genghis Khan

* Founded the Mongols
* rose from humble beginnings to establish the largest land empire in history

Silk Road

* By 1st century BCE trade routes from Mediterranean to China merged into one
* Created integration that brought the Afro-Eurasian worlds together
* Goods began to circulate from Europe to east Asia
* Although little was known about distant lands, knowledge would be transmitted

Marco Polo

* Venetian merchant traveled to China in 1271
* Became emissary for court of Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis) for 20 years
* Writings of travel sparked interest of Europeans about Asia

Global Connection

Increased interaction based on 3 Ideas:
1. Shift to sea - based trade routes
2. Trade, language, religious integration across China, India, Islam, Europe
3. Mongol conquest connected many

Black Plague (spread)

* Plague unleashed by Mongol warriors and trade routes
* By 1320 large outbreak in East Asia, began to spread rapidly
* Parasites carried by rats aboard commercial ships would take Plague everywhere - lastly to Europe
* Bubonic, Septicemic, Pneumonic Forms - quick gestation period

Black Plague (reason)

* No explanation, medicine not advanced enough
* Europeans accused Jesus or attacked other "plague spreads"
* Nobody knew what to do

Black Plague (effect)

* Estimated to have killed 20 million in Europe, 40 million in China, perhaps 75-100 million worldwide
* Contributed to collapse of Mongol rule in China
* Social + economic structured were broken
* Fields + workplaces were abandoned
* In Europe, a renewed interest in life + progress aids in Renaissance

Great Schism

* Problems between French Kings + Pope
* French Pope Clement V moved papacy to Avignon
* French Popes ruled church for 70 yrs
* Gregory XI returned to Rome but died
* Cardinals forced to elect Italian pope (Urban VI)
* French Cardinals leave, said election was forced + named new French Pope (Clement VII)

Church divided - each side excommunicated the other

Pisan/Constance Councils

* deposed 2 popes, elected another
* first 2 refused to leave (now 3 popes!)
* ____, Roman popes abdicated; Avignon pope refused (but lost power) ended schism

\*People begin to question church - beginnings of reform + divide in Western Church (Reformation in early 16th cent)

Renaissance (why Italy?)

* Italy was more urban + progressive
* Cities were successful and supported talent
* Greek + Latin classics were a focus - scholars went to Italy to continue works
* Rome was center of classical world -Roman Church was important

Humanists

* Secular thinkers who looked to better understand life and human potential
* Not anti-religious but extended beliefs to cover everyday life, politics, society - classical education
* Petrarch - considered father of humanism
* Overall, the renaissance spread throughout Europe
* Kings + Nobles became patrons of the arts + educator
* Printing made spread of ideas possible

Chief Osman

* Began Dynasty - Extended power across
* Anatolia into Balkans by mid 14th century.
* Over next two centuries expanded across large empire primarily through conquest led by powerful sultans.
* Conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed
* Renamed city Istanbul + rebuilt it into great center of Islam + trade
* Later built Topkopi Palace + Sulegmanige Mosque - reflected splendor of empire

Ottoman Impact

* Success of Ottomans bridged Afro - Eurasian World
* Projected power of Islam
* Transferred Classical Byzantine + Arabic knowledge westward to aid in Europe's Renaissance

Ming Dynasty

* Emperor ruled with "Mandate of Heaven"
* Civil Service commission + Confucian schools restored to get best qualified
* Officials assigned to various tasks: trade, tax collecting, internal improvement
* Palace was political center - appointment went through emperor
* Empire was too large - local leaders entrusted with authority
* Huge bureaucracy - but still too few rulers

\*Was largest + most centralized Empire of era

Red Turban Movement

* Group of revolutionaries intent on overthinking Yuans + restoring Chinese Han power
* Zhu Yuanzhang defeat factions in RTM + became leader
* Defeated Yuan army + toppled regime

Hongwu Emperor

Zhu took name ___ - ("expansive + martial") became 1st emperor

* Help peasants avoid forced labor + heavier tax burden
* Distributed land to peasants + relocated some
* Introduced currency
* Reordered military

Forbidden City

* 3rd emperor Yongle ("perpetual happiness") move capital to Beijing + built ___ ___
* 100,000 artisans, 1 million laborers built massive walls, wide streets

\*Projected power + religious mandate of emperor

Zheng He

* captured as little boy - grew up in court of Yongle
* he commanded the world's greatest armada (300 ships, 28,000 men) which crossed the seas
* Promoted trade
* Projected power
* Enforced order
* Did not seize or colonized territory
* Too expensive + China had other concerns
* border security; Mongol threats; overland routes; concerns about outside influences

Portuguese exploration

* expand into Atlantic islands
* Traveled west coast of Africa + around its southernship
* colonization + the slave trade began
* da Gama found passage to India returned w/goods
* Subsequent trip was blown off course to Brazil
* Very expensive to control empire + buy spices in Asia
* looked to control Indian Ocean trade

Columbus

* Italian sailor - believed he could sail west + easily reach China
* Misjudged size of earth but convinced Spain to fund him
* Landed in Bahamas 1st, established colony on island of Hispaniola - used natives to mine for gold
* 4 Voyages never found passage to Asia.

Spain’s New World

* Ferdinand + Isabella regained control from Muslims
* Fund Columbus to sail western route to compete w/Portugal + raise money for new crusade
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Focus on mining silver in New World + exploiting other cash crops

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement w/Portugal to divide territories

Conquistadors 1

Hernán Cortés:

* He left spain for Hispaniola + joined the conquest of Cuba
* Went to Mexico captured Emperor Moctezuma II and captured capital of Tenochtitlan
* Spanish crown appointed him governor of New Spain
* oversaw the expansion of Spain and conversion of natives

Conquistadors 2

Francisco Pizarro:

* Invaded as Inca civil war was ending
* Emperor was captured + later killed
* Captured Key cities
* Disputes occurred within his ranks then eventually killed by supporters of rival

Conquistadors 3

Ferdinand Magellan:

* Portuguese explorer who would sail for Spain
* Charles I would support his westward voyage to Spice Islands
* Sailed around South America into Pacific
* Died during battle with natives in Philippines
* Remnants of fleet reached Spice Islands
* 1 ship reached Spain - first circumnavigation of globe

Columbian Exchange

Movements between Afro-Eurasia + America of previously unknown plants, animals, people, products + diseases that followed in the wake of Columbus’s voyages.

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* Columbus’ opening of new world paved the way for creation of the Americas
* Empires made possible by technology-destroyed native populations
* Europeans set up Atlantic system to control flow of goods, resources, slaves
* Belief in superiority of Europeans bred hatred towards native races.

Conquistadors

Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan

How did the Mongol conquest affect the overall development of the Afro-Eurasian World?

1\. Increased Trade: The Mongol conquest created a large, unified trade network across the Afro-Eurasian world, allowing for increased economic activity and cultural exchange.

2\. Spread of Religion: The Mongols were tolerant of different religions, allowing for the spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam throughout their empire.

3\. Cultural Exchange: The Mongol conquest brought together cultures from all over the Afro-Eurasian world, leading to increased cultural exchange and blending of ideas and customs.

4\. Political Unification: The Mongol Empire was one of the largest empires in history, unifying much of the Afro-Eurasian world under one rule and creating political stability in many areas that had previously been divided by warring factions or rival empires.

5\. Military Advancement: The Mongols developed advanced military tactics and strategies that allowed them to conquer vast territories quickly and efficiently, leading to an overall advancement in military technology across the Afro-Eurasian world.

6\. Technological Advancement: The Mongols encouraged technological advancement through their patronage of artisans and craftsmen who created innovative tools and weapons for use in their conquests; this led to advances in engineering, metallurgy, shipbuilding, etc., throughout the Afro-Eurasian world.

7\. Population Growth: As a result of increased trade networks and improved living conditions under Mongol rule, population growth was seen throughout much of the Afro-Eurasian world during this period.

Why does the Black Plague become one of the worst disasters in human history?

**1.** **High mortality rate:** The Black Plague had a mortality rate of up to 60%, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history.

**2.** **Rapid spread:** The plague was highly contagious and spread quickly across Europe, resulting in millions of deaths within a short period of time.

**3.** **Lack of knowledge about the disease:** At the time, there was little understanding about how the plague was transmitted or how to treat it, leading to widespread panic and fear among people who did not understand what was happening.

**4.** **Social disruption:** The plague caused significant social disruption as people were forced to flee their homes and businesses due to fear of infection, leading to economic decline and social unrest in many areas affected by the disease.

**5.** **Political instability:** In some cases, political leaders were unable to effectively respond to the crisis due to lack of resources or other factors, resulting in further chaos and instability in affected regions.

**6.** **Environmental impact:** The plague also had an environmental impact as dead bodies were often left unburied due to fear of contagion, which led to outbreaks of other diseases such as dysentery and typhus that further exacerbated the situation.

How did the interaction of the 3 Post-Classical worlds (Western, Byzantine, Islamic) influence the start of the crusades? What was the legacy of the crusades?

1\. Political and religious tensions between Western Europe and Muslim states in the Middle East created a hostile environment that led to Pope Urban II's call for a crusade in 1095.

2\. The rise of powerful Islamic empires such as the Seljuk Turks further threatened Christian control over Jerusalem and other holy sites in Palestine.

3\. The Byzantines were also involved in conflicts with their Muslim neighbors, which prompted them to seek assistance from their western counterparts.

4\. Trade routes between East and West had been disrupted by Muslim forces, resulting in economic losses for both sides that further fueled hostilities between them.

5\. The increased contact between different cultures during this period allowed for ideas and beliefs to be exchanged, which helped shape the motivations behind why some people chose to go on crusades or fight against them.

6\. Papal support was essential for rallying European forces to fight against Muslims; thus, diplomatic relations between Rome and Constantinople were important factors leading up to the start of the crusades. What was the legacy of the crusades?

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1\. The Crusades left a lasting impact on religious relationships between Christians, Muslims, and Jews throughout Europe and beyond; this included increased hostility towards minority religions within Europe itself as well as heightened animosity towards Islam across much of Christendom due to its association with “the infidel” or non-believers in Christianity .

2\. It also sparked an increase in military technology development throughout Europe as they sought new ways to combat their enemies more effectively during the battle; this included improved armor designs as well as better siege weapons such as catapults and trebuchets which could be used to breach castle walls more easily than before .

3\. Additionally, it led to a greater sense of unity among European nations that had previously been divided along political lines; many saw themselves now united under one banner – that of Christianity – when facing off against their common enemy: Islam .

4\. Finally, it brought about changes in social structures throughout Europe; those who went on Crusade often returned home with newfound wealth or titles granted by local rulers abroad, thus creating a new class system based upon these acquired riches rather than traditional birthright status.