Final exam study guide (5-8, 10&12)

Berkowitz's Aggressive Reaction

The situation in which an individual reacts aggressively almost without thinking.

Larger Rewards and Running Speed

Crespi's (1942) finding that larger rewards produced faster running times.

Secondary Reinforcers

Reinforcers that control responding due to their association with other reinforcers.

Aggressive Behavior as Reinforcing

Studies suggest that aggressive behavior itself may be reinforcing.

Interoceptive Conditioning

A type of conditioning that does not require conscious experience or awareness.

Learned Helplessness

Research indicates that both rats and humans can learn to be helpless.

Conditioned Place Preference

The phenomenon where rats prefer a location previously paired with a mate for copulation.

Theory of Amount of Reinforcement Effect (AOR)

Bolles' theory that there is a positive relationship between reinforcement quantity and performance.

Sexual Values

Acceptable sexual behaviors depend upon the culture in which one is raised.

Taste Aversion Learning

Best viewed as classical conditioning.

Passive Organism in Classical Conditioning

In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively passive.

Pavlov's Experimental Neurosis

Showed that plus food conditioning can lead to motivated behavior.

Vicarious Reinforcement

We alter our behavior based on observing the consequences of others' behavior.

A Token

Serves as a reminder of the other reinforcers it can buy.

Negative Contrast

Occurs when performance declines due to a decrease in reward size.

Frustration Responses in Amsel's Proposal

Partial frustration responses become counterconditioning to the responses made by the organism.

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

A schedule where a rat is reinforced for some but not all of its lever pressing behaviors.

Klinger's Model of Human Motivation

Depression provides meaning to one's life.

Amsel's Unlearned Frustration Response

Occurs when an individual is unrewarded for a previously rewarded response.

Positive and Negative Incentives

Positive incentives generate approach behavior, while negative incentives generate withdrawal behavior.

Mourning in Klinger's Theory

Can be viewed as the result of a loss of incentive.

Klinger's Disengagement Model

The depression phase follows the phase of aggression.

Crespi's Research on Reward Size

Shows that the size of the reward influences performance but not actual learning.

Motivation Generated by Frustration

Amsel called this counter conditioning.

Hull, Spence, and Mowrer Theories

Seen as reductionist models, whereas Tolman's theory is more holistic.

Goal Motivation According to Klinger

A person willing to expend effort to obtain a goal has a current concern.

Innately Attractive Trait in Males

Height is the physical trait considered innately attractive to women.

Cognitive Expectation

An individual with multiple experiences with a goal develops a cognitive expectation about it.

Latent Learning According to Tolman

Reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.

Coolidge Effect

Illustrates the novelty characteristic of sexual attractiveness.

Sensory Restriction Studies

Indicate that the lack of adequate stimulation is motivating.

Behaviors Following Child-Secession from Parents

Curiosity is not part of the series of behaviors observed.

Modulation of Pain

Controlled by endogenous opiates at the spinal cord's gates.

Symptoms of Deprivation Dwarfism

Normal height is not a symptom of deprivation dwarfism.

Opponent Process Theory Studies

Curiosity has not been studied by the opponent process theory.

Important Stimulation in Attachment Studies

Providing contact was found to be the most important form of stimulation.

Emotionally Secure Individuals

Can profit from isolation experiences if not protected severely.

Harlow's Surrogate Mother Experiments Preference

Infant rhesus monkeys preferred the terry cloth mother.

Hedonism Definition

The phrase 'if it feels good, do it' is a simple definition of hedonism.

Opponent Process Theory Utility

Useful in explaining various emotional responses.

Sensation Seeking Low Level

Low sensation seeking is related to being social.

Troland's Categories of Stimulation

Antiception was not one of Troland's categories.

Influential Factors in Sensation Seeking

Age and gender are the two most influential factors.

Bowlby's Sequence of Behaviors in Child Separation

Protest, despair, detachment, ambivalence is the correct sequence.

Happiness Philosophy

Josh's belief that happiness is seeking pleasure and avoiding pain represents hedonism.

Phineas Gage's Significance

He survived a brain injury and underwent personality changes due to brain damage.

Amygdala Role in Emotion

The amygdala is important for behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal changes in emotional situations.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The idea that our movements allow us to experience particular emotions.

Original Meaning of Emotion

Originally, the word emotion meant 'to move'.

Most Important Emotion Control Structure

According to Cannon, the thalamus is most important in controlling emotions.

Nonverbal Expressions of Emotion Studies

Support the idea that humans are sensitive to nonverbal communication.

Facial Expressions of Emotion Research

Ekman and colleagues found that these expressions are universal.

Russell's Model of Affect

Proposes a circumplex model, classifying emotions along two dimensions.

Autonomic Nervous System Activation

The sympathetic portion is most active when energy stores of the body are being expanded.

Cognitive-Physiological Theory of Emotion

Proposes that physiological arousal and cognitive attributions are necessary for experiencing emotion.

Serviceable Associated Habits

Darwin believed these were learned behaviors that became innate due to their usefulness.

Emotion and Sympathetic Nervous System Activation

Cannon believed emotion is associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

Self-Monitoring in Snyder's Theory

High self-monitors are motivated to change behavior to meet situational demands; low self-monitors engage in consistent behavior.

Influence of Facial Muscles on Emotion

The facial feedback hypothesis states that emotion is influenced by feedback from facial muscles.

Zajonc's Argument for Primacy of Effect

Emotion requires cognition is not one of Zajonc’s arguments.