Final exam study guide (5-8, 10&12)

Chapter 5

1. The situation in which an individual reacts aggressively almost without thinking is what Berkowitz called:

   1. instrumental conditioning

2. When Crespi (1942) Dave Rod's different amounts of reinforcement for running, he found that 

   1. larger rewards produced faster running

3. Secondary reinforcers 

   1. come to control responding due to their association with other reinforcers

4. Studies of rats that learn to go to the correct arm of a t-maze, or to press a lever for the opportunity to kill a mouse suggest that aggressive behavior

   1. Itself may be reinforcing 

5. Which of the following is not true of interoceptive conditioning

   1. It requires conscience experience or awareness of the conditioning 

6. Which of the following has research on learned helplessness not shown?

   1. Both rats and humans easily learn to be helpless 

7. Pfaus and colleagues (2001) stated that rats prefer a location that has previously been paired with a mate for copulation. This phenomenon is called 

   1. Conditioned Place preference 

8. According to Bolles’ (1975) theory of amount of reinforcement affect (AOR)

   1. There's a positive relationship between the quantity of reinforcement and performance 

9. The concept of sexual values implies that 

   1. Acceptable sexual behaviors depend upon the culture in which one is raised 

10. Taste aversion learning is best viewed as 

    1. Classical conditioning 

11. In classical conditioning, the organism is relatively

    1. Passive 

12. Pavlov's work with experimental neurosis showed that 

    1. Plus food conditioning can lead to motivated Behavior 

13. The importance of the vicarious reinforcement situation is that they show that

    1. we alter our behavior as a result of observing consequences of behavior of others

14. A ____serves as a reminder of the other reinforces it can buy 

    1. A token 

15. In an experiment of the effects of reinforcement on running speed, when a large reward that the rats had been receiving was changed to a minimum reward, their performance declined to below a group that always receive a minimum reward this is called 

    1. Negative contrast 

Chapter 6

1. Amsel propose that the partial frustration responses and their associated stimulus feedback become _____to the responses the organism is making. 

   1. Counterconditioning 

2. A rat is reinforced for some of this lever pressing behaviors, but not of others. We could say that it is on a____reinforcement schedule 

   1. Partial 

3. In Klinger's model of human motivation, ____provide meaning to one's life 

   1. Depression 

4. According to Amsel’s theory, what occurs if an individual is unrewarded for a response for which it was previously rewarded? 

   1. Unlearn frustration response 

5. For incentives, _____incentives generate approach behavior, and ____incentives generate withdrawal behavior. 

   1. Positive; negative 

6. In Klinger's theory, mourning can be viewed as 

   1. The result of a loss incentive 

7. In Klinger's model of disengagement, the____face follows the phase of aggression. 

   1. Depression 

8. Crespi’s research on the effect of the size of reward shows that 

   1. Size of the reward influence performance, but not actual learning 

9. Amsel called the concept that motivation generated by the frustration of non-reward gets channeled into the response that causes the frustration 

   1. Counter conditioning 

10. The theories of Hull, Spence, and mowrer can be seen as____models, while Tolman's theory can be seen as more___model. 

    1. Reductionist; Holistic 

11. Klinger views a goal that a person is willing to expand effort in order to obtain as 

    1. A current concern 

12. The one physical trait of males that seems to be innately attractive to women is

    1. height 

13. An individual that has had several experiences with a goal can be said to have developed a____about the goal, according to Tolman.

    1. Cognitive expectation 

14. According to Tolman, which of the following is not true about latent learning? 

    1. Reinforcement is necessary for learning to occur 

15. The Coolidge effect illustrates which characteristic of sexual attractiveness? 

    1. Novelty 

Chapter 7

1. Many studies of sensory restriction indicate 

   1. The lack of adequate stimulation is motivating 

2. When your children are separated from their parents, they will go through a specific series of behaviors. Which of the following is not one in the series?

   1.  curiosity

3. The modulation of pain at the gates within the spinal cord is most probably controlled by

   1. Endogenous opiates

4. deprivation dwarfism sometimes develops as a result of children being neglected or abused by their parents. Which of the following is not a symptom of deprivation dwarfism?

   1. Normal height

5. Which of the following has not been studied by the opponent process theory? 

   1. curiosity

6. In studies of attachment , which kind of stimulation did investigators find to be most important? 

   1. Providing contact

7. According to goldberger and Holt, individuals who are emotionally secure 

   1. Can profit from isolation experiences if not protected severe

8. In Harlow's surrogate mother experiments with infant rhesus monkeys, which of the following mothers was most preferred? 

   1. Terry cloth body

9. The phrase if it feels good, do it is a simple definition for 

   1. hedonism

10. The opponent process theory appears to be useful in explaining 

    1. All of the above

11. Which of the following statements about sensation seeking is not true 

    1. Low sensation seeking is related to being social 

12. Troland (1932) divided stimulation into three categories. Which of the following was not one of Troland’s categories.

    1. Antiception 

13. The two most influential factors in sensation seeking behavior are 

    1. Age and gender

14. What is the correct sequence of behaviors observed by Bowlby when children are separated from a parent?

    1. Protest, despair, detachment, ambivalence

15. Josh believes that happiness is obtained by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. His philosophy represents 

    1. hedonism

Chapter 12

1. Phineas Gage is most well known

   1. he survived a brain injury and underwent personality changes due to the brain damage

2. Research indicates the_____is important to the behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal changes that occur in emotional situations. 

   1. amygdala

3. The idea that our movements allow us to experience particular emotions is called

   1.  The facial feedback hypothesis

4. Originally the word emotion meant 

   1. To move 

5. Which of the following structures is most important in controlling emotions, according to Cannon 

   1. thalamus

6. Studies of nonverbal expressions of emotion by haith, Rosenthal, and buck support the idea of that 

   1. humans are sensitive to nonverbal communication

7. Ekman and his colleagues conducted research which indicates that 

   1. facial expressions of emotion are universal

8. Russell proposed the_____model of effect, which classifies emotions along two dimensions, with emotional words describing a circle around the dimensions. 

   1. circumplex

9. Which portion of the autonomic nervous system is most active when energy stores of the body are being expanded? 

   1. sympathetic

10. The____theory of emotion proposes that both physiological arousal and cognitive attributions are necessary for the full experience of emotion. 

    1. cognitive-physiological

11. According to Darwin, _____were learned behaviors that became innate because of their usefulness. 

    1. serviceable associated habits

12. Canon believed that emotion is associated with 

    1. activation of the sympathetic nervous system

13. According to Snyder, people who are_____self-monitors are motivated to change behavior to meet demands of the situation, while_____self-monitors are motivated to engage in behavior that is consistent with their internal state.

    1. High; low

14. The____proposes that the motion we experience is influenced by feedback from facial muscles or skin. 

    1. facial feedback hypothesis

15. Which of the following is not one of Zajonc’s arguments for primacy of effect?

    1. Emotion requires cognition