human geography e4 review

(chapters 14-16)

Which concept refers to the societal trend toward embracing non-fact-based opinions and conspiracy theories, coupled with a mistrust of media and authority? 

post-truth world

The COVID-19 epidemic originated in Wuhan, China, and the time frame cited for the duration of the pandemic, according to the sources, was: 

Match 2020-May 2023

Which of the following countries is listed among those with the highest COVID-19 vaccination rates?

Cuba + Chile

Between 2020 and 2022, what was the estimated global decline in trade? 

13%

According to estimates, the total direct and indirect cost of COVID-19 to the U.S. was approximately

13 Trillion

In 2025, which country experienced a significant decline in tourists?

United States

Which statement best describes Globalization 1.0? 

Series of empires that created sustained cultural + economic exchanges across vast distances

Which statement best describes Globalization 2.0? 

Post WW2; emerging institutions (ie. WBank, free trade, weakened state power) 

According to the "Strong" argument concerning Globalization 2.0, what phrase was used to describe the fate of geography? 

“Geography is Dead” 

What happened to global trust in higher education, government, religious institutions, medicine, and science prior to and during COVID-19? 

Trust trended downward

What is the geopolitical term used to describe the period of increased mutual trust and economic interaction between China and the U.S. which ended in the late 2010s? 

Chimerica

In the context of globalization discourse, which narrative views globalization as the most positive and beneficial for the world?  

Establishment Narrative

Which country replaced China as the United States' largest trading partner in the post-pandemic geopolitical shift? 

Mexico

The policy of bringing manufacturing jobs and production back to the domestic country, or closer to the domestic country, is referred to using which two key terms? 

nearshoring + reshoring

Which statement represents a key lesson for a Post-Pandemic World according to Zakaria (2020)?

Political ideology is less important than political functionality 

Which term describes a community that experiences a significant population increase due to an influx of remote workers? 

zoom town

Which observation was made regarding collectivist cultures (such as those in East Asia) during the pandemic?

They instituted tighter rules and better compliance with restrictions

During the COVID-19 period, drug overdose deaths in the United States

increased

What phenomenon was present in 36% of commercial real estate spaces in San Francisco by the end of the COVID-19 pandemic?

Vacancies 

Which country is credited for offering the first digital nomad visa?

Estonia

Which technological development is listed as one of the "new powerful non-state actors" whose rise was accelerated in the post-pandemic world, alongside bots and web-based global social movements? 

AI/Artificial Intelligence 

In the years immediately following the pandemic (2023-2025), which crime trend was observed in the United States? 

Violent crime and property crime dropped dramatically, reaching historic lows by 2024

Which of the following historical events, approximately 60 million years ago, is referenced to show how Earth does not necessarily return to a previous state after a cataclysmic natural event? 

An asteroid hitting the yucatan peninsula 

What were the documented deaths globally attributed to the pandemic across the roughly two-and-a-half-year period discussed in the lecture and textbook?

7 million

What were the documented deaths in the U.S. attributed to the pandemic across the roughly two-and-a-half-year period discussed in the lecture and textbook?

1million (approx 1.13 million) 

Which country is reported to have experienced the highest death/mortality rate attributable to COVID-19?

Peru

Which region of the world experienced the lowest per capita death rates from COVID-19, despite having low vaccination rates, a phenomenon partially explained by population age and demography? 

africa

What is most unusual about the economic recovery that occurred worldwide after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic?

The recovery was remarkably fast, unlike previous recessions

What event in March 2021 served as a snapshot revealing the transnational complexity and vulnerabilities of global supply chains? 

A container ship getting stuck in the suez canal

Most countries of the world have at least one McDonalds restaurant.

False

The "end of history" concept, often associated with strong globalization, refers to the idea that: 

political and economic systems (like democracy and capitalism) have won the ideological battle, effectively ending the debate about the most effective political and economic system

Which technological shift in healthcare saw a 5,000% increase in health insurance claims by 2024?

the rise of telehealth/telemedicine

Partly due to deregulation (The Cares Act), the practice of telehealth is most likely to

decrease??

The difference between misinformation and disinformation is based primarily on: 

The intent: misinformation is relatively innocuous, while disinformation requires malicious intent

What happened to incidents of violent crime and racially-based hate crimes in the U.S. during the pandemic period?

increased dramatically 

Roberts and Lamp (2021) suggest that today's complex and multi-directional world (AKA Globalization 3.0) should be understood "through dragonfly eyes,"  visually represented by  

a rubik’s cube

In the decade preceding the COVID-19 pandemic period, which didn't occur:

a sudden and rapid use of Zoom and other remote video technologies

Resources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are defined as nonrenewable because they are in:

finite supply + are depleted by humans

What term refers to the estimates of available energy in deposits from established sources that are economically mineable with current technology?

proven reserves

What term refers to estimates of available energy that may exist but might not be economically justifiable to mine, such as the oil shale deposits in the Green River Formation? 

probable reserves

Which country was the world leader in coal production in 2022, accounting for over half of global coal demand? 

China

Which three countries currently lead the world in oil production? 

Saudi Arabia, Russia and United States

Which U.S. state leads the country in wind power production? 

Texas/TX

The suspected anthropogenic (human-caused) warming of the Earth's atmosphere is primarily attributed to the emission of carbon dioxide from: 

The combustion of fossil fuels

Besides anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, which natural factor operates to affect global temperatures? 

Ocean currents, sunspot activity, and volcanic activity

What is eutrophication?

The process where nutrient-rich waters promote algae growth, leading to oxygen consumption and potentially fish kills

The 'dead zone' in the Gulf of Mexico is caused by

eutrophication

Facilities that burn solid waste to vastly reduce the amount of trash disposed of in landfills and generate electricity from the combustion are known as: 

incinerators

The concept of using natural resources in a sustainable way so that they are available for future generations (e.g., replanting trees after logging) is called: 

Conservation

The idea of protecting natural areas and trying to keep them as close as possible to their original, unspoiled state, with minimal human impact, is: 

preservation

The world's first national park is/was:

Yellowstone

Humans are naturally equipped to think spatially, and we construct mental maps in our minds for navigation and survival

true 

The Imago Mundi, dating to the 7th to 9th century BC in Neo-Babylonia, is significant because it is the first known attempt to:

Graphically represent 'the world'

Why do maps now generally place north at the top

It provides a standardized context, although historically, maps were oriented using the sunrise

The period known as the Age of Exploration (~1400–~1800) saw explosive growth in cartography primarily because geographical knowledge became: 

Economically valuable for countries and essential for explorer survival

What instrument, invented and perfected by John Harrison around 1770, made precise long-distance navigation possible for the first time by operating with remarkable accuracy at sea?

chronometer

What term refers to data about the data, encompassing how the data were produced, by whom, and under what circumstances? 

Metadata

Gathering data from space, such as satellites taking photos of the Earth's surface or using infrared sensors, is broadly classified as: 

remote sensing

Before the advent of digital GIS, how did researchers attempt to analyze and compare multiple spatial data sets? 

physically overlap multiple layers of maps, each showing a different attribute 

Before the advent of digital GIS, how did researchers attempt to analyze and compare multiple spatial data sets? 

Triangulation from 3 points

The Waze app determines traffic jams by using: 

input from other user’s phones that see large clusters of unmoving devices

Workers who took advantage of remote work to live from extremely remote locations, often near desirable amenities like beaches, are referred to as: 

Digital nomads

The shift to remote learning during the pandemic led to which major consequence in the education system? 

Loss of basic skills (reading, writing, math, social skills); hundreds of thousands of students becoming unaccounted for later on

Which term refers to a video and/or audio of a person where their face or body has been digitally altered so that they appear to be someone else or to be saying something they didn’t say, often used maliciously? 

Deep fake

biofuels

energy sources from living matter.

conservation

using natural resources in a sustainable way so that they are preserved for future generations.

eutrophication

the process by which nutrient-rich waters promote the growth of algae, and when the abundant algal blooms die, the decomposition of the dead plant material consumes large amounts of oxygen

fossil fuels

energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, derived from ancient plant and animal matter.

greenhouse effect 

the trapping of longwave radiation (heat) by certain greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere; greenhouse gases absorb and reradiate the heat radiated from the Earth, increasing global temperatures by 35o C compared to an atmosphere with no greenhouse effect.

landfill

An area where solid waste is deposited and buried to reduce odor, vermin proliferation, and unsightly trash.

nonrenewable resource

a resource that is in finite supply and is depleted by humans.

probable reserves

estimates on available energy in deposits that are thought to exist

but extraction may not be justifiable economically; less certain than proven reserves.

production

the extraction of fossil fuels from the ground.

proven reserves

estimates of available energy in deposits from established sources that are economically mineable with current technology; extraction is justified by seismic testing and exploratory drilling

preservation

setting aside areas so that resources are essentially untouched with as little human impact as feasible.

renewable resource 

a resource that is in infinite supply such as solar and wind energy.

aerial photography

The taking of photographs from airborne platforms e.g. balloons, airplanes, airships, etc.

age of exploration 

(~1400-~1800)

Period in which Europeans traveled the rest of the world in search of wealth and resources.

cartography

the science of making maps.

chronometer

an instrument for measuring accurate time even with variations in temperature, humidity, and air pressure occurring at sea.

composite images

An image made of two or more images.

GIS/Geographic information system

a system that creates, manages, analyzes & maps spatial data.

GPS/global positioning system

triangulation**; Navigational and surveying technology using signals from a number of satellites to triangulate a specific location.

Infrared 

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between the red portion of the visible light spectrum and microwaves.

landscape

visible features of a place.

latitude

Measures distance north or south of the equator.

longitude

Measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

logistics

The process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported

map legend

Description or table of symbols printed on a map properly interpret it

marginalia

Information added to the margins of a map or book.

metadata

Data about the data, encompassing how the data were produced, by whom, and under what circumstances.

open source movement

A movement using the values of open source software and

data, typified by the unencumbered release of source code

open street map

A free, open geographic database updated and maintained by a community of volunteers via open collaboration.

remote sensing

Actively pursuing a policy of obstruction of a particular process or

undertaking.

ultraviolet

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between the violet portion of the visible light spectrum and X-rays.

deep state 

an alleged secret network of especially nonelected government officials and sometimes private entities (as in the financial services and defense industries) operating extralegally to influence and enact government policy

deep fake

a video and/or audio of a person in which their face or body has been digitally altered so that they appear to be someone else or to be saying something they didn’t say, typically used maliciously or to spread false information.

modernity

social and cultural transformations beginning with the European Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries marked by a decline in the importance of religious dogma and superstition in favor of a worldview emphasized the power of reason, rationality, and truth as well as a faith in the ability of science and technology to harness the powers of humans and nature for the betterment of society

crisis actor

a person who poses as a victim or witness of an event such as a bombing, mass shooting, or natural disaster

fake news

news stories that are false: the story itself is fabricated, with no verifiable facts, sources or quotes