Muscles of the Cranium, Eye, and Neck

What are very significant to restorative art?

Muscles of the cranium, face, and neck, they influence the facial expressions, and they influence surface form

What is the gravitation pull on the face when standing?

Inferiorly

What is the gravitation pull on the face when horizontal?

Laterally and posteriorly (to the side and back)

What do muscles of the face create concerning the surface form of the face?

the curving surface contours of

the head, face and neck

Define acquired facial muscles

Through repetitious use muscles leave a characteristic sign on the face, which develop over time from repeated muscular contraction.

List the muscles of the cranium and eye

• Occipitofrontalis (1)

• Orbicularis Oculi (2)

• Corrugator (2)

• Levator Palpebrae Superioris (2)

• Procerus (1)

• Platysma (2)

• Sternocleidomastoid (2)

• Digastric (2)

What is the occipitofrontalis muscle also known as?

The epicranius muscle (the most epic muscle of your cranium)

Describe the occipitofrontalis muscle (1)

• Broad muscle that covers the entire top of the skull

• Double bellied muscle(two chunks connected together in the front and in the back) consisting of two parts:

  • Occipitalis portion

  • Frontalis Portion

What are the functions of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

• Draws the scalp back and fourth causing:

  • Eyebrows to raise

  • Wrinkles on the forehead

What is the origin and insertion of the occipitofrontalis?

Origin: The base of the occipital bone

Insertion: Into the skin of the eyebrow and nose

Describe the orbicularis oculi muscles (2)

Two sphincter muscles, one around each eye socket

What are the functions of the orbicularis oculi muscles?

• Closes the eyelid

• Compresses the lacrimal sac

• Wrinkles the forehead vertically

What facial markings do the orbicularis oculi muscles cause?

Optic facial sulci, an acquired facial markings that appear and increase with age and are found at the lateral corners of the eyes

What’s another name for Optic facial sulci?

Crows feet wrinkles

What are the origins and insertions of the orbicularis oculi muscles?

Origin: from the maxilla and frontal bones

Insertion: circle the orbits to insert back at their origin

Describe the corrugator muscles (2)

Two pyramid shaped muscles of facial expressions, they lie underneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi

What are the functions of the corrugator muscles?

• Draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly (in and down)

• Produces vertical furrows between the eyes

• The “frowning” muscles

What are the corrugator muscles also called?

Corrugator supercilii/Superciliary

What are the origins and insertions of the corrugator muscles?

Origin: at the bridge of the nose ad the orbicularis oculi

Insertion: into the skin of the eyebrow

Describe the levator palpebrae superioris muscles (2)

Runs from the medial eye socket to the superior tarsal plate (little bit of cartilage that keeps the eyelashes in place) of the eyelid

What are the functions of the levator palpebrae superioris muscles?

• Raises/opens the upper eyelid

What is droopy eyelid known as and what does it indicate?

Ptosis, indicates oculomotor nerve damage to this muslce. Creates an additional challenge to the embalmer and/or restorative artist to attempt to correct or lessen this defect.

What are the origins and insertions of the levator palpebrae superioris muscles?

Origin: at the lesser wing of the sphenoid

Insertion: at the skin of the eyelid

Describe the procerus muscle (1)

Covers the bridge of the nose, a way to remember this is it looks like rhino’s horn from comic books his horn was right on the bridge of his nose, so the procerus and the rhino horn are in the same spot.

What are the functions of the procerus muscle?

• Draws the forehead down

• Causes transverse and vertical wrinkles of the forehead

• Contributes to horizontal wrinkles between the eyes

What is the origin and the insertion of the procerus muscle?

Origin: At the bridge of the nose

Insertion: To the frontalis muscle

Describe the platysma muscles (2)

• Broad, thin muscle covering the anterior neck region

• Location is submandibular and bilateral

• Paper thin muscle

• Kinda looks like a platypus hand

What are the functions of the platysma muscles?

• Wrinkles the neck and chest skin

• Depresses mandible and anguli oris

• Pulls down the lower lip when contracted

• Two separate muscles that dont have an attachment down the center

What are the origins of the platysma muscles?

Origins: From fascia of deltoid and pectoral is major muscles

Insertions: Into the skin over the superior border of the mandible

Describe the sternoclidomastoud muscles(SCM) (2)

• Thick muscle of the neck

• Gives anterior neck shape and depth

What are the primary functions of the SCM muscles?

Rotates and depresses the head

What are the secondary functions of the SCM muscles?

• Posterior movement of the head

• Extends the head

What do the SCM muscles NOT do?

Tilt the head from side to side

What is the widest part of the neck measured between?

The two SCM’s

What are the origins and insertions of the SCM muscles?

Origins: At the manubrium and medial clavicle

Insertions: Into the mastoid process

Describe the diagastric muscles (2)

• Double bellied muscles of the neck

• Thin and small, connects up under the mandible and then back at the angle of the mandible

What are the functions of the diagastric muscles?

• Retracts mandible

• Draws hyoid bone forward and backward

What are the origins and insertions of the diagastric muscles?

Origins: The mastoid process

Insertions: Midline of the mandible