exam #1 communication

Communication

The study and practice of human communication

Messages

Verbal and nonverbal information being sent and received

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between individuals

Group Communication

Communication within a group of people

Public Communication

Communication to a large audience

Mass Media Communication

Communication through various forms of media

Competence

The ability to communicate effectively and appropriately

Effectiveness

The degree to which communication achieves its intended goals

Appropriateness

The degree to which communication is suitable for a given situation

Unconscious Incompetence

Lack of awareness of one's own incompetence

Conscious Incompetence

Awareness of one's own incompetence and desire to improve

Conscious Competence

The state of having developed skills and confidence in communication

Unconscious Competence

The state of being highly skilled and confident in communication

Individual Forces

Factors such as demographics, personality, cognitive ability, physical ability, and field of experience that influence communication

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, norms, and attitudes of a group of people

Context

The specific situation, participants, and preceding events that influence communication

Message Creation

The process of generating a message to be communicated.

Encoding and Decoding

The process of converting a message from one form to another and then interpreting the message.

Symbols

Representations that stand for something else and are used to convey meaning.

Content Meaning

The literal or denotative meaning of a message.

Relationship Meaning

The emotional or connotative meaning of a message that reflects the relationship between the communicators.

Participants

The individuals who engage in the process of communication.

Number

The quantity or count of participants involved in the communication process.

Characteristics

The distinguishing qualities or features of the participants in communication.

Shared Values

Beliefs, principles, or standards that are commonly held by the participants in communication.

Relationship History

The past interactions and experiences between the communicators that influence their current communication.

Mood and Emotions

The emotional states and feelings of the communicators that affect their communication.

Setting

The physical or social context in which communication takes place.

Location

The specific place where communication occurs.

Environmental Conditions

The surrounding factors such as temperature, lighting, and noise that can impact communication.

Time of Day or Week

The specific time period during which communication happens.

Proximity of the Communicators

The physical distance between the individuals engaged in communication.

Channels

The means or methods through which communication is carried out, such as face to face, written, or electronic.

Noise

Any interference or disturbance that disrupts the communication process.

External Noise

Distractions or disturbances that originate from the environment outside the communicators.

Internal Noise

Distractions or disturbances that originate from within the communicators, such as thoughts or emotions.

Semantic Noise

Misinterpretation or confusion caused by differences in language, meaning, or understanding.

Feedback

The response or reaction provided by the receiver of a message to the sender.

Respond

To answer or react to a message or stimulus.

Reciprocate

To respond to someone's actions or behavior with similar actions or behavior.

The Synergetic Model

A communication model that emphasizes the influence of individual and contextual factors on communication.

Demographics

Characteristics of a population or group, such as age, gender, education, or income.

Personality

The unique set of characteristics, traits, and behaviors that define an individual's pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Cognitive Ability

The mental processes and capabilities related to perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving.

Physical Ability

The physical skills and capabilities of an individual that can impact communication.

Field of Experience

The knowledge, background, and personal history that shape an individual's understanding and interpretation of communication.

Paradigms

Belief systems with assumptions about knowledge, reality, and human nature

Theories

Sets of statements that explain communication phenomena

Methods

Specific ways scholars collect data in communication research

Social Scientific Paradigm

Approach that focuses on factors influencing and resulting from communication behavior

Quantitative Methods

Research methods that involve collecting numerical data to explain communication behavior

Interpretive Approach

Approach that seeks to understand communication within specific contexts

Qualitative Methods

Research methods that involve in-depth analysis and understanding of communication phenomena

Critical Approach

Approach that examines how societal forces influence individual communication

Ethnographic Methods

Qualitative research methods that involve studying communication within specific cultural communities

Discourse Analysis

Qualitative method that examines language and communication patterns

Cultural Studies

Qualitative method that analyzes communication within socio-political contexts

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Expectation influencing behavior

Identity

Made up of individual and social categories, both fixed and dynamic, created through interactions with others, tied to historical, social, and cultural environments

Symbolic interaction

Reflected appraisals (looking-glass self), particular others whose opinions and behavior influence you, generalized other

Standards as a member of ASU community

Self-concept, understanding of self based on interactions with others, self-esteem arises out of how we interpret the reflected appraisals and social comparisons

Self-presentation

Showing the world who we (think we) are, enacting identities, performing scripts of an identity, social role expectations

National identity

Refers to one's citizenship, most people do not actively choose their nationality

Racial identity

Develops as a result of societal forces, varies from country to country, multiracial identity

Ethnic identity

Based on identification with social groups, does not require government recognition, cultural traditions, language, religious beliefs, etc.

Gender identity

Cultural differences between masculinity and femininity, concept constructed, negotiated, and learned through communication and culture

Sex

Biological differences (chromosomes, hormones, reproductive organs, bone density, hair, muscle mass, etc.)

Social class identity

Based on income, education, occupation, dwelling, and child-rearing habits, influences the way people socialize and engage in leisure activities

Perception

Our response to people, objects, and environments

Identities

Influenced by perception

Perception Process

Selection, organization, interpretation

Cognitive Maps

General outlines influenced by individual and societal forces

Physical Differences

Acuity of senses, physical endurance, biology, ability to navigate spaces

Personality

Emotional state, outlook, knowledge, experience, education, memory

Selective Attention

Narrow focus on stimuli based on identity, features, goals

Primary Effect

Forming judgment based on first information received

Recency Effect

Forming judgment based on most recent information received

Organization

Recognizing and ordering stimuli to make sense of everything

Interpersonal Scripts

Prevent social mistakes

Schemas

Cognitive structures

Perception

Our response to people, objects, and environments

Identities

Influenced by perception

Perception Process

Selection, organization, interpretation

Cognitive Maps

General outlines influenced by individual and societal forces

Physical Differences

Acuity of senses, physical endurance, biology, ability to navigate spaces

Personality

Emotional state, outlook, knowledge, experience, education, memory

Selective Attention

Narrow focus on stimuli based on identity, features, goals

Primary Effect

Forming judgment based on first information received

Recency Effect

Forming judgment based on most recent information received

Organization

Recognizing and ordering stimuli to make sense of everything

Interpersonal Scripts

Prevent social mistakes

Schemas

Cognitive structures

Verbal Communication

Foundation of meaning creation

Identity & Relationship Development

Verbal communication plays a key role

Language

Verbal and written words or sounds we exchange

Pronunciation

Part of verbal communication, how words are spoken

Meanings of Words

Part of verbal communication, understanding words

Development, Maintaining, and Policing of Language

Research interest in choices and behaviors in language

Functions of Language

Helps obtain what we need, control behavior, establish relationships, express individuality, and creativity

Rules of Grammar

Every language has its own rules