Public Opinion, Advocacy, Social Movements, Digital Citizenship, Diversity & Social Justice (Lecture Notes Review)

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key concepts from Public Opinion, Advocacy, Social Movements, Digital Citizenship, and Diversity & Social Justice.

Public opinion is the of the individual views, attitudes, and beliefs about a particular topic, expressed by a significant proportion of a community.

aggregate

Walter Lippmann argued that there have been skilled organizers of opinion who understood the mystery well enough to create majorities on election day: .

majorities

Sociologists view public opinion as a product of interaction and communication.

social

Public opinion, in subsequent analysis, is understood as the collective view of a defined population, such as a particular or ethnic group.

demographic

Public opinion exerts influence in many spheres beyond politics; it can affect culture, fashion, literature, arts, consumer spending, and and public relations.

marketing

In Walter Lippmann's 1922 treatise, he noted that 'democracies tend to make a mystery out of public opinion' and that skilled organizers can create on election day.

majorities

In political science vs sociology, public opinion is often defined as the national will, while sociology emphasizes it as a product of interaction and communication.

social

Attitudes are metaphorically described by Worcester as the currents the surface; values are the deep tides, and opinions are the ripples on the surface.

below

Mass media can affirm latent attitudes and 'activate' them, prompting people to .

take action

Nearly all scholars agree that for a phenomenon to count as public opinion, there must be (1) an issue, (2) a significant number of people, (3) some consensus, and (4) that consensus must directly or indirectly exert .

influence

David Aberle identified four types of social movements: alternative, redemptive, reformative, and .

revolutionary

Reformative social movements seek to change something about the social .

structure

From Aberle's typology: the range of a movement can be global or .

local

A reformative social movement seeks to change something about the social structure; it may aim at changes to norms or laws.

limited

In Aberle's framework, the four relational categories are scope, type of change, targets, and of work.

methods

A movement's 'range' can be global or local; this dimension is described as its .

range

According to Rao, social movements are a distinct social process characterized by conflictual relations, dense informal networks, and a shared collective .

identity

New Social Movements (NSMs) are typically centered on social and cultural concerns, are organized in civil society, and are often -authoritarian.

anti

NSMs are usually locally based, issue-centered, and rely on informal networks rather than formal .

membership

Digital citizenship is defined as the ability to participate in society online.

online

Digital literacy is described as the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enable individuals to flourish in a digital world and to use ICT safely and effectively; digital literacy is necessary to enact digital .

citizenship

Public opinion appears to have a stronger influence on policy at the level than at higher levels due to fewer institutional barriers.

local

Jeremy Bentham believed that government acts should be publicized so that public opinion can pass judgment on them, acting as a check like a .

tribunal

NGOs stand for -governmental organizations.

non

One notable social movement in Pakistan is the March, advocating for women's rights and gender equality.

Aurat

Advocacy focuses on influencing decision-makers; activism involves direct political through protests, demonstrations, and activism.

action

Public discourse in advocacy can legitimize movements and build public for policy changes.

support

The Transgender Rights Bill in Pakistan gained momentum through public discourse and advocacy; this illustrates how public discourse can shape policy and reform, yielding legislative .

change