Enlightened people, American & Latin American Revolution

Which monarch was not open to reforms, but tried to improve the conditions of serfs, and was the only female ruler in her family’s dynasty?

Maria Theresa

Which monarch abolished serfdom and the death penalty in their country?

Joseph ll

Which monarch abolished the use of torture, granted freedom of speech and press, and later invaded Austria?

Frederick ll

Who was one of the best educated and cultured monarchs who invited Voltaire to live at their court?

Frederick ll

Which monarch tried the hardest to implement Enlightened reforms, but ultimately failed due to alienating the nobles, church, and the serfs?

Joseph ll

Which monarch liked the idea of Enlightenment reforms but did not enact them?

Catherine ll

Who is an Enlightened Despot?

Someone, who was a ruler that followed some of the Enlightenment ideas but still was an absolutist.

What does Prussia become?

Germany

Does Prussia and what becomes Germany use the same language?

Yes

Who did Frederick invite to live at his court and is also familiar with Enlightenment ideas?

Voltaire

Frederick abolished the use of torture in all cases except…?

Treason and murder cases.

What two limited freedoms did Frederick grant to the people?

Press and Speech.

What were 4 Unenlightened Policies Frederick implemented?

1. Kept serfdom.

2. Kept Strict social structure.

3. Avoided additional reforms.

4. Invaded Austria in 1740 because it had a women ruling.

What did Maria Therese of Austria work to improve the situation of?

Serfs

What is the difference between serfs and slaves?

A serf is a peasant tied to a land but a slave can be bought and sold.

What 3 reforms did Joseph ll make when he ruled Austria?

1. Abolished serfdom and eliminated the death penalty.

2. Established equality under the law.

3. Enacted religious toleration.

What was the problem with Joseph ll’s reforms of Austria?

Most of his reforms failed.

Catherine the Great liked the idea of Enlightenment reforms but…?

She did not enact them.

Catherine the Great did attempt new law code to recognize equality of…?

All under the law.

Why did Catherine the Great not enact any reforms?

They would have weakened her base of support from the nobles and nobility.

Why did Enlightened rulers fail to make reforms?

It would have weakened their base of power.

William Pitt the Elder became the…?

Head of Cabinet in 1757.

What two countries did William Pitt add to the British Empire after their victory in the 7 Years War?

India and Canada.

During the United States Revolution in what way did the British see the colonies as?

A way to pay for their war debts.

What would the colonies also pay for?

An army to defend themselves.

Rousseau believed the best government uses what?

Popular Sovereignty or a vote by all the people.

What did Baron de Montesquieu write?

The Spirit of Law.

what did the Spirit of Law book promote?

It promoted a system of checks and balances.

What was the best way to protect natural rights?

Limit a governments power.

What is Montesquieu’s “perfect” government?

Power provided evenly over three branches of government separation of powers..

Voltaire Used public opinions to fight injustice. What is his quote that he uses to advocate for?

“I do not agree with a word you say, but I will fight to the death for you right to say it.”

Voltaire believed the perfect government needed…?

Freedom of speech and religion.

What countries is Latin America made up of?

Everything from Mexico to Argentina except Guyana Suriname and French Guiana is part of Latin America.

What are the 3 groups of Latin American Society?

1. Peninsulares

2. Creoles

3. Mestizos

Peninsulares

Spanish and Portuguese officials who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain. Held all important positions and dominated Latin America.`

Creoles

Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America and lived there permanently. Resented the peninsulares and favored Enlightenment ideals. Controlled land and business under the peninsulares.

Mestizos

Lowest class, but largest section of population. Made up of laborers and servants.

Slavery was an…?

ancient practice of taking captives in war.

Muslims traded with…?

East Africans for slaves.

The transatlantic slave trade began after…?

Europeans set up colonies in the Americas.

Slavery devastated…?

Parts of Africa from which slaves were taken.

When did the Atlantic slave trade start?

In 1450 the Spanish and Portuguese started slaving in Africa.

What are 3 reasons as to why slavery was used?

1. Labor shortage.

2. Ethnocentrism (feeling of superiority).

3. Greed.

In Africa where were most of the slaves caught?

50-100 miles inland.

What two West African expectations did they have about slavery?

Slaves were not slaves for life and a slave’s child would not be a slave.

What does Civilized mean in the ancient world?

Christian

What is the outcome for the Middle Passage for a ‘Tight Pack’ boat?

Tight Pack equals higher mortality and higher profits.

What is the outcome for the Middle Passage for a ‘Loose Pack’ boat?

Loose pack equals lower mortality and lower profits.

What are 3 reason as to why were Africans used for slavery?

1. Americans are desperate for labor.

2. Harder for Africans to run away than Native Americans because of their skin color.

3. They have experience in working in surgar and rice plantations, immunity from dieses