COMPLETE PHARMACOGNSY

Cardiac Glycosides

Aglycone: Usually Cardiotonic/Cardiotoxic

Cardenolide

5 Carbone Lactone

Bufadienolide

6 Carbon Lactone

Foxglove

Digitalis purpurea

Foxglove

Digoxin

Lily of the Valley

Convallaria majalis

Lily of the Valley

Convallotoxin

Dogbane

Apocynum cannabinum

Pheasant's eye

Adonis vernalis

Pheasant's eye

Adonitoxin

Black Hellebore (Christmas rose)

Helleborus niger

Black Hellebore (Christmas rose)

Hellebrin

Strophanthus

Strophanthus kombe

Ouabain

G- strophantin aka

Squill

Urginea maritima

Squill

scillarenin (bufadienolide)

Scillarenin

Expectorant

Anthraquinone glycosides

Aglycone: Athracene

Cascara sagrada

Rhamnus purshianus

Cascarosides A and B

optical isomers of barbaloin

Cascarosides C and D

Optical isomers of chrysaloin

Cascara sagrada

Curing with MgO for 1 year

Frangula/Blackthorn bark

Rhamnus frangula

Frangula

In Movicol with Karaya

Aloe

Aloe barbadensis, Aloe vera

Aloe

Curacao aloe

Cape aloe

Aloe africana + Aloe spicata

In Aloe

Barbaloin (chief cathartic glycoside)

Aloe

Dried latex of juice

Aloe

For burns or as moisturizer

Rhubarb

Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum

Rhubarb

Glucorhein

Chinese or Rheum

Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum

Indian or Himalaya

Rheum emodi, Rheum webbianum

Ornamental

Rheum raponatium

Senna

Cassia acutifolia, Cassia angutifolia

Senna

Sennosides

Senna

Dried leaflets

Broken leaves

Cassia acutifolia (Alexandria)

Whole leaves

Cassia angustifolia (Tinnevelly)

Best

Emerald Green Senna

Worst

Yellow Senna

Senna

Cultivated in wet lands resembling rice paddies

Chrysarobin

Goa powder- Andria araroba

Chrysarobin

Not used as cathartic but as keratolytic instead

Chrysarobin

Very irritating

Hot Benzene

Best extraction solvent; in Chrysarobin

Saponin glycoside

Aglycone: Sapogenin

Saponin glycoside

Toxic aglycone: Sapotoxin

Anthraquinone glycosides

Borntragest test

Anthraquinone glycosides

Drastic cathartic

Saponin glycoside

Creates foam upon shaking

Saponin glycoside

Bitter, Acrid taste

Saponin glycoside

Sternutatory (causes sneezing)

Saponin glycoside

Destroy RBC of cold blooded animals

Saponin glycoside

Fish poison

Saponin glycoside

Froth test, Capillary test, Hemolysis test

Triterpenoids

Acidic

Licorice

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Licorice

Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizic acid

Licorice

Increases foaminess of beer, mask bitter taste of quinine b/c sweet

Licorice

Treatment of Addison's disease

Licorice

Contraindicated to patients with Hypertension and Chronic Heart Failure (Na+² H2O retention)

Ginseng

Panax ginseng

American ginseng

Panax quinquefolius

Ginseng

Panaxosides, Ginsenosides, Chikusetsusaponins

Ginseng

Adaptogen and Aprhodisiac

Adaptogen

Manage stress

Aphrodisiac

Stimulate sexual desire

Steroidal

Neutral

Yam

Dioscorea spiculiflora, Dioscorea floribunda

Yam

Diosgenin

Dioscorea floribunda

best source of steroids

Yam

Anti-inflammatory

Cyanogenic glycosides

Grignard test

Flax

Linum usitatissimum

Flax

Linamarin

Cassava

Manihot esculenta

Cassava

Mannihotoxin

Lima bean

Phaseolus lanatus

Lima bean

Phaseolunatin

Wild cherry

Prunus serotina

Apricot

Prunus armeniaca

Peach

Prunus persica

Bitter Almond

Prunus amygdalus

Bitter Almond

Amygdalin

Laetrile or Vitamin B17

Controversial treatment for Sickle cell anemia

Rapeseed

Brassica napus

Rapeseed

Gluconapin

Watercress

Nasturtium officinale

Watercress

Gluconastartiin

Black mustard

Brassica nigra

Black mustard

Sinigrin

White mustard

Brassica alba

White mustard

Sinalbin

Isothiocyanate glycosides

ID Test: Odor of Mustard, Fe Cl₃

Sinalbin

Acrinyl isothiocyanate

Sinigrin

Allyl isothiocyanate

Rutin, Hesperidin

Vitamin P or permeability factors

Vitamin P

Treatment of capillary fragility