AP Bio chapters 2,3,6 Review

what is the atomic mass?

protons + neutrons

what is the atomic number?

number of protons

what is the charge of a neutron

neutral

what is the charge of a proton

positive

what is the charge of a electron

negative

aromatic compound

6 carbons that form a ring

cyclic compound

- 3-4 carbon

- triangle or square shape

aliphatic compound

chain of carbons

what are the properties of water

- polar

- cohesion/adhesion

- high specific heat

- most dense at 4 degrees c

- universal solvent

Why is the polar property of water important?

allows for every other property of water

why is cohesion/ adhesion in water important

allows water to climb up things

Why is the universal solvent property in water important?

mixes with most things

Why is water's density important?

- It allows for life in water to be possible

- bodies of water won't completely freeze over

Why is water's high specific heat important?

maintains moderate temperatures on Earth and in our bodies so that organisms can survive

what do acids give off

H+

what do bases give off

OH-

what is a monomer

building blocks of polymers

what are polymers

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

define catabolic

to break down

define anabolic

to build up

Define exothermic

release of heat

define endothermic

heat stored

define exergonic

energy released

define endergonic

energy stored

define oxidation

loss of electrons

define reduction

gain of electrons

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be changed from one form to another.

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

- entropy is always increasing

What is the third law of thermodynamics?

entropy starts becoming a constant value at absolute zero

what are the functions of carbohydrates

- quick energy

- structures

- antennas for messaging

what are the monomers of carbohydrates

monosaccharides: glycerdehyde, ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, galactose

What is glyceraldehyde

- monosaccharide

- 3 carbon

what is ribose and deoxyribose

- monosaccharides

- pentose sugars

what is glucose, fructose, and galactose

- monosaccharides

- hexose

What are the polymers of carbohydrates

disaccharides and polysaccharides

what is sucrose

- disaccharides

- glucose + fructose

what is maltose

- dissacharides

- glucose + glucose

what is starch

- polysaccharide

- sugar storage for plants

what is cellulose

- polysaccharide

- cell wall

what is glycogen

- polysaccharide

- storage of glucose in animals

what is chitin

- polysaccharide

- cell wall in fungi

what are lipid's monomers

fatty acids, glycerol, aromatic rings

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

non-polar

What is unsaturated fat?

- double bonds

- liquids

What is a saturated fat?

- single bonds

- solid

what is a phospholipid

- polymer of a lipid

- hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

what is a phospholipid function?

cell membrane

what are lipid polymers

- triglycerides

- phospholipids

- prostaglandins

- steroids

- terpenes

- waxes

what are the functions of lipids

long term energy storage

What is a prostaglandin?

- polymer of a lipid

- 5 aromatic ring

- messages

what is a steroid?

- polymer of a lipid

- 4 aromatic ring

- hormones and cholesterol

What is a terpene?

- polymer of a lipid

- chains

- smell and taste in plants

what are waxes?

- polymer of a lipid

- hydrophobic

- help prevent water loss in plants

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

what are amino acids held together by

peptide bonds

What is the primary structure of a protein?

sequence of amino acids

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

- alpha helix

- Beta sheets

- Hydrogen bonding

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

- 3D structure

- disulfide bonds

- salt bridges

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

2 or more amino acid chains

What is a polypeptide?

chain of amino acids

what are the functions of proteins

- defense

- transport

- support

- motion

- regulation

- storage

- enzymes

what are the function of nucleic acids

- make proteins

- information

- ribozymes

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides- phosphate+ sugar+ nitrogen base

What is kinetic energy?

the energy an object has due to its motion

what are examples of kinetic energy

sound, chemical, light, mechanical, heat

What is potential energy?

energy that is stored in chemical bonds

What is Gibbs free energy?

The energy associated with a chemical reaction that can be used to do work

what are the polymers of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP

what is the function of DNA

store genetic information

what is the function of RNA

make proteins

what is the function of ATP

energy

What is hydrolysis?

breaking down molecules by splitting water

What is dehydration synthesis?

Joins monomers together by removing water

What does amphipathic mean?

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

What does non-polar mean?

doesn't like water

what does polar uncharged mean?

doesn't like water

Does aromatic rings like or dislike water?

dislike water

what does polar charged mean?

likes water

what is H3N in an amino acid?

amino group

What is the C amino acid?

central carbon

What is the R in an amino acid?

the characteristic group

what is the COOH in an amino acid?

carboxyl group

what is an example of a enzyme?

- kinase

- protease

- lipase

"ase" means

enzyme

what is an example of a defense protein?

- antibodies

what is an example of a transport protein?

hemoglobin

what is an example of a support protein?

- fibers

- collagen

what is an example of a motion protein?

- actin

- myosin

what is an example of a regulation protein?

- hormones

what is an example of storage proteins?

- ferritin

- casein

what is the number one source of energy for living things?

the sun

what is the place an enzyme binds to a protein during a reaction called?

active site

What is a substrate?

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

What is competitive inhibitor

competes with substrate for active site

What is an allosteric inhibitor

binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity

finish the sentence: Enzymes lower________________________

activation energy

Finish the sentence: Enzymes are________________

catalyst

Finish the sentence: Enzymes_______________ ____ chemical reactions

speed up

What is Gibbs free energy?

the amount of energy there to do work or be released