PT 1 APUSH Fall Final 2025

Maize

Mesoamericans cultivated this into a nutritious plant with a highter yield per acre than other crops.

How did the spread of maize later effect Natives later?

Maize led to the development of large scale northern American Culture

Bering Strait

Migrants from Asia crossed this 100-mile-wide land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age sometime between 13,000 and 3000 BCE, thus, the first Americans.

Native Americans' Dominant Economic Activity before "Discovery"

Agriculture

Hunting-Gathering

Fishing-Gathering

Bison

First true Americans

Native Americans

native people to all of the Americas, from Canada through South America

Describe South American Natives

Larger societies that were more permanently settled

Describe North American Natives

Less developed, smaller in size, less established, and usually lived in semi-permanent lifestyles

Most developed Mesoamerican Natives

Aztecs in Mexico

Mayans in Yucatan

Inca in Peru

Age of Exploration

The period in European history in which extensive ovrseas exploration emerged as a powerful factor in European culture, and which was the beginning of globalization

- Started by the portugese

Differences between Native Americans and Europeans

Property: Land ownership vs. sedentary societies

War: Guerrilla warfare

Gender: Patriarchal vs. Matrilineal

Religion: Christianity vs. Nature

Results of the Age of Discovery

90% of Native Americans died

Enslavement of Africans

Future conflict between Native and Europeans

Created the world's first Global Economy

Spanish Empire in the Americas

Throughout the 1500s and 1600s, Spanish conquer portions of North and South America

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers seeking gold and silver

Mesitozs

A Latin America social class (3rd) who were Mix of European & Indian (mix babies)

Encomedias

land grants that included the right to labor or taxes from Native Americans.

Jamestown (1607)

first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607

Joint stock companies

Investors fund colony, gets profits ( Explorers find the gold and give it back to the investors)

Brown Gold

Name given tobacco because it served as a currency and foundation of the Jamestown economy

Pocahontas and the Powhatan People

The initial settlers of Jamestown need help; get this help from these people

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Puritans

Religious group that wants to purify the Church of England

English Separatists/Pilgrims

people who wanted to have the freedom to worship at their own church.

Puritan dissenters "rebels"

Roger Willims + Anne Hutchinson

Roger W: Spreads controversial views and ideas

Anne. H: Teaches that the church ministers are unnecessary

- Banished and leave for Rhode Island

New Netherland Colony

Colonized by Dutch West India Company, Diverse, Africans are welcomed

Maryland Colony

Founded by Lord Baltimore, refuge for Catholics who wanted freedom of religion

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Navigation Acts (1651 passed by parliament)

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Salutary Neglect

Does not enforce laws if economic loyalty, and relaxed supervision of colonies

Indentured Servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination.

Triangular Trade

Network ties colonies, Africa, and West Indies

- New England rum to Africa

- Africa slaves to West Indies

- West indies export sugar and molassses to New England

Middle passage

Middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves, 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse or suicide

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Slaves trying to flee their horrible conditions and head towards Florida where slavery is not a place

25 colonists killed, 50 slaves killed

Enlightenment in America

Spreads to colonies through print

Education and rational thought could be learned

John Locke

Father of Enlightenment, wrote the Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Benjamin Franklin

Born in Boston, Desit and major proponent of the Enlightenment

Famous inventor

First Great Awakening

Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.

What did the Great Awakening threaten?

The old authority of priests and churches

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Royal Proclamation of 1763

colonists not allowed to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

Sugar Act of 1764

Tax on molasses in colonies

The Quartering Act of 1765

Colonies required to provide food and lodging for British soldiers

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies

- Meant to raise money to support new british military forces in the colonies

Townshend Act (1767)

British law that established new duties on tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors imported into the colonies. The Townshend duties led to boycotts and heightened tensions between Britain and the American colonies.

Tea Act (1773)

Gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants.

Charging too much for tea

Colonists saw this as a trick to get colones to accept the taxes on their British tea

End of Salutary Neglect

After the French and Indian war, British thought that they should no longer leave the colonies alone, and tightened the mercantilisty policies as exemplified by the Proc. Of 1763, the Currency Act, the Sugar Act, and more.

Boston Massacre (1770)

WhyAn incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.

Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an anti-British propaganda war.

Why did the colonies think they could self-govern?

The colonies relished in their new found freedom and independence due to salutary neglect

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Adopted by the Continental Congress in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain.

Affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict.

Historical Significance:

Rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Republicanism

An idea that government should be based on the consent of the people

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War, approved by Congress.

How much representation did the Articles of Confederation give each state?

- Congress decided that each state only have one vote

- State Governments were supreme in most matters, and the national government was supreme in others.

What powers did the Articles of Confederation give the government?

- Declare war

- Make peace between states

- Sign Treaties

- Borrow and print money

- Set standards for coins and weights

- Establish a postal service

- Deal with Native Americans

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

1) Lacked national unity

2) Congress could not tax to pay off war debt

3) States disputes; over boundaries, taxing eah other's goods, currency

4) No executive or judicial branch

5) No military leadership

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Benefits to come from the Articles of Confederation

Northwest Ordinance, united territories after the American Revolution, enabled to sign of treaties, deal with native affairs, and postal service,

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

(Ohio, indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin)

Constitutional Convention

The convention was called to discuss how to improve upon the Articles of Confederation and produce the nation's first constitution

- 55 delegates came to Philadelphia

The Constituion

A document that describes what government is allowed to do and what it is not allowed to do.

Issues about representation for new constitution

The Great Compromise, 3/5th compromise, Bill of Rights

Great Compromise

Each state would equal representation in the Senate and representation on population in the House

- Raised the issue of whether or not slaves should be counted into population

3/5 Compromise

allowed a state to count a slave as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation purpose

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

- Meant to ease Anti-Federalist worries

Lesgislative Branch

Makes laws (Congress)

Executive Branch

Enforces laws (President, vice president, cabinet)

Judicial

interprets laws (Supreme Court & Other courts)

Results for Voting after the Constitution was made:

- Each person directly chose the President they have an elector who would cast ballots in representation of those candidates in their delegation

- Electoral College made up of electors

Ratification of the Constitution

required 9 out of 13 states to ratify (approve) it to become law.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed having very strong national government

Federalists

Favored the balance of power between the state and national government

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

Freedom from quartering troops

4th Amendment

Protection against Unreasonable Search and Seizure

5th Amendment

Trial by jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process of law

6th Amendment

Impartial jury, speedy trial, notification of charges

7th Amendment

Right to trial by jury in civil cases

8th Amendment

Protection from excessive bail/fines, and cruel/unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Rights of the people

10th Amendment

Powers reserved to the states and the people

Challenges Washington faced

defining the federal government, creating stable economic system, building a military, foreign relations, treaties with Indians, Whiskey Rebellion, Proclamation of Neutrality

Accomplishments of Washington

Easing tensions of the Whiskey Rebellion, Enacting the Proclamation of Neutrality,

Hamiltons economic plan

1790-1791: tries to stable American finances. 1) Assumption of State debts 2) Creation of a National Bank 3) Promotion of the manufacturing industry. First two are passed. Federalists support all of Hamilton's ideas, but Republicans think Hamilton is trying to make America more like England, which they believe is corrupt.

What conflict was created from Hamiltons economic plan?

Tension between Anti-Federalists and the Federalists as well as the Whiskey Rebellion

Peaceful Revolution/Election of 1800

When there was a shift in power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans, however the shift was done peacefully.

- Thomas Jefferson is elected as president

Jefferson's presidency

He wanted to reduce the importance of national government and take down the Federalist system. He reduced the number of government employees and slashed the army and navy. He abolished all taxes except the tariff, and paid off part of the national debt.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

John Marshall (1801-1835)

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court,

Marbury v. Madison

Lewis and Clark expedition goals

1. Explore & map the territory 2. Find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean 3. Establish good relations with Native American tribes 4. Document new plants & animals

James Madison's Presidency

-declared war against Britain

-presents plan called "American System" to help US economy

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Cause of the War of 1812

- Kidnapping and forced labor of American Sailors

- Southern farmers were losing money because of British trade restrictions

Effects of War of 1812

New respect for U.S internationally

War Heroes

Industry Stimulated

OG white house was burnt

Death of the Federalist Party

James Monroe Presidency

Monroe Doctrine, Era of Good Feelings

Monroe Doctrine

Foreign policy statement originally set forth in 1823, created separate spheres of European and American influence