South and Southeast Asia, Africa, Americas, Connections, Dar al-Islam, Europe, Song China, Mongol Empire [1200-1450]

Flashcards for review of South and Southeast Asia, Africa, Americas, Connections, Dar al-Islam, Europe, Song China, and the Mongol Empire during 1200-1450.

What three belief systems continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia?

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism

What is the significance of the Srivijaya Empire?

Buddhist maritime empire on Sumatra that charged India and China to trade through the STRAITS OF MALACCA

Where was the Khmer Empire located?

Cambodia

What is Angkor Wat?

A Hindu/Buddhist temple complex in Cambodia

What is Great Zimbabwe known for?

Centralized administration, cattle herding, agriculture, and gold trade connected to the Indian Ocean trade network.

What type of kingdom was Ethiopia?

Christian Kingdom with a centralized monarchy.

What were Chinampas?

Floating gardens used by the Mexica (Aztec) to provide agriculture.

What is Cahokia known for?

Largest urban settlement of the Mississippian culture with monumental earthworks.

What housing solution did the Anasazi (Pueblo) create

Cliff Dwellings in Mesa Verde

What technologies spread due to scientific learning from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds?

European technological developments, which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

What did the Portuguese development of maritime technology lead to?

Increased travel to and trade with Africa which resulted in the construction of a global TRADING-POST EMPIRE

What actions were taken by England, France, and the Dutch in exploration?

Northern Atlantic crossings were under their sponsorship, often with the goal of alternate sailing routes to Asia.

What did state rivalries cause during the Age of Exploration?

States to compete for routes and colonies.

Where did the Portuguese exploration lead?

Alternate routes to the spice trade led from Africa to India and Southeast Asia

What explorer did Spain send west to the Americas and Philippines?

Christopher Columbus

In North America, what were Jacques Cartier and Samuel De Champlain exploring on behalf of France?

Established Fur Trade

Which Chinese explorer used junk ships to expand trade?

Zheng He

What policy did Asian states utilize to limit economic and cultural effects of European-dominated trade?

Restrictive or Isolationist trade policies

Name 3 of the new maritime empires established by European states.

Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, or British

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, what new Islamic political entities emerged?

Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, Delhi Sultanate

What are some Muslim intellectual innovations?

Mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi), Literature, Medicine

What is one example of transfers during the time of the Abbasid Caliphate?

Preservation and commentaries on Greek Philosophy, House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad, Scholarly and cultural transfers in Spain

What role did Christianity, Judaism, and Islam play in Europe?

Continued to shape societies.

What characterized Europe politically during this time?

Politically fragmented and characterized by Decentralized Monarchies, Feudalism, & the Manorial System.

What agricultural innovations occurred in Europe?

Three-Field System, Heavy plow

What classical thought did Song China use to maintain and justify its rule?

Confucian Principles

What traditions influenced neighboring regions in relation to Song China?

Filial Piety, Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia, Confucian traditions of respect toward women (Patriarchy and Foot Binding)

What impact did Champa Rice have on East Asia

Increased population and new farming techniques

Where did Hinduism and Buddhism spread?

Southeast Asia

What scientific or technological innovations diffused from China?

Gunpowder, Papermaking, and Printing

What scientific or technological innovations diffused from Dar al-Islam and India?

Mathematics and Medicine

What maritime technologies diffused during 1200-1450?

Compass, astrolabe, lateen sail, stern rudder

Name 1 of the travelers from Eurasia who wrote about their travels?

Ibn Battuta, Margery Kempe, Marco Polo

What diseases spread along trade routes?

Epidemic diseases, including Bubonic Plague

What did imperial expansion rely on to establish large empires?

Increased use of Gunpowder, Cannons, and Armed Trade

What land empires were established during this time?

Manchu, Mughal, Ottomans, Safavids

What did the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation contribute to?

Growth of Christianity.

What did political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensify?

The split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a

Where did Sikhism develop?

South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.

What methods did rulers use to legitimize and consolidate power?

Bureaucracy and Military

What type of military pros did rulers employ?

Ottoman Janissaries, Salaried Samurai, Safavid Qizilbash

Name a tax-collection system used by rulers during 1450-1750

Mughal Zamindar tax collection, Ottoman Tax Farming, Mexica Tribute Lists, Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency

Other than military force, what did rulers employ to legitimize their rule?

Religious Ideas, Art and Monumental Architecture

What commercial practice improvements led to an increased volume of trade?

Silk Road

What did Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans/merchants expand production of for export?

Textiles and Porcelains

Why did production increase during 1200-1450

Meet the demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia

What interregional trade was encouraged by innovations in commercial technologies?

Luxury Goods

What innovations encouraged interregional trade?

Bills of Exchange, Banking Houses, Paper Money

What innovations were made in transportation?

Caravanserai

What innovations helped encourage trade in Trans-Saharan trade?

Camel Saddle, Caravans

What goods were acquired in Trans-Saharan trade?

Gold, Ivory, Slaves

The expansion of what facilitated trade and communication?

Empires

What Hajj is most notable in history?

Mansa Musa's Hajj to Mecca

What fostered the growth of powerful new trading cities and states in the Indian Ocean trading network?

Indian Ocean Trading Network

What goods were acquired through the Indian Ocean Trading Network?

Textiles from India, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Cloves from the Spice Islands, Slaves, Ivory, Gold from Swahili city-states, Silk and Porcelain from China

What innovations were made in transportation technologies in regard to the Indian Ocean Trading Network?

Compass, Astrolabe, Larger ship designs (Junk and Dhow ships)

Where did merchants set up Diasporic Communities?

In key places along routes.

What did environmental knowledge increase knowledge of?

Monsoon Winds

Who united pastoral nomadic clans to conquer parts of Eurasia?

Chinggis Khan

How did Mongol Khanates govern?

With cultural inclusion and religious tolerance (Pax Mongolica).

What was revitalized along the Silk Roads due to Pax Mongolica?

Trade routes were safer and trade was revitalized

What interregional contacts encouraged technological and cultural transfers?

Contacts and conflicts with the Mongols

What occurred with the transfer of Greco-Islamic Medical Knowledge?

Transfer to Western Europe