AP Human Geo Test

Emigration

leaving an area as part of a permanent move (in common language, this word has blended into immigration which includes both)

Environmental degradation

Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil and habitat destruction

Immigration

Coming into an area as part of a permanent move (in common language this combines the terms immigration and emigration)

Population distribution

The pattern of where people live

Industrial Revolution

Economic and social changes resulting from technology changes that started in England in 1760 - moving away from hand tools to power-driven machines

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Arable land

Land that can be farmed

Arithmetic Density

the total number of people divided by the total land area

Ecumene

the permanently inhabited portion of the earth as distinguished from the uninhabited or temporarily inhabited area

Intervening Obstacle

a difficulty that prevents people from completing a planned migration

Intervening Opportunity

a favorable circumstance that causes people to stop a planned migration to take advantage of the prospect

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain

Overpopulation

when there are not enough resources in an area to support a population

Replacement-fertility level

when a population is neither growing or shrinking but staying about the same (an NIR of 0 or TFR of 2.1)

Age/sex ratio

comparison of the numbers of males and females of different ages

Population pyramid

 a graph of the population of an area by age and sex - when a population is growing it takes a pyramid shape, hence the name

Zero population growth (ZPG)

when a country reaches replacement level fertility

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of live births per one thousand people in the population

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

 the number of deaths per one thousand people in the population

Demography

the study of population

Doubling time

 the time period it takes for a population to double in size

Fecundity

Fancy word for fertility

Fertitlity

The number of live births in a occuring in a population

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of children who don't survive their first year of life per 1000 live births in a country

Medical Revolution

leap forward in medical technology and practices that have enabled people to live longer

Mortality

The number of deaths occuring in a population

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) (also known as NIR)

(birth rate - death rate)/10 - a postive NIR means a population is growing and a negative NIR means a population is shrinking

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman is predicted to have in her child bearing (fecund) years

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a model that helps explain how countries throughout the world tend to proceed through a similar process in term of CBR, CDR, and population

Epidemiologic transition

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Antinatalist Policies

when a country provides incentives for people to have fewer children (sometimes including punishments)

Pronatalist Policies

when a country provides incentives for people to have more children

Contraception

Methods of preventing pregnancy

Dependency Ratio

the ratio of the number of people not in the work force (dependents) and those who are in the work force (producers) - useful for understanding the pressure on the producers

Graying Population

a shift in population where older people (gray hair!) become a bigger portion, usually as a result of declining birth rates

Life expectancy

the average number of years a person born in a country might expect to live

Asylum Seeker

a person seeking residence in a country outside of their own because they fleeing persecution

Chain migration

a series of migrations within a group that begins with one person who through contact with the group, pulls people to migrate to the same area.

Forced Migration

when people migrate not because the want to but because they have no other choice

Guest worker

a legal immigrant who is allowed into the country to work, usually for a relatively short time period

Internally displaced persons

a person forced to flee their home who remains in their home country

Refugee

a person who flees their home country and is not able to return

Step-migration

 migration to a far away place that takes place in stages

Transhumance 

moving herds of animals to the highlands in the summer and into the low lands in the winter

Transnational Migration

moving across a border into another country

Voluntary Migration

people choosing to migrate (not being forced)

Brain drain

when the majority of educated or skilled workers leave an area to pursue better opportunities elsewhere

Net migration

the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 inhabitants. (+Positive net migration means more people moving in than moving out, -negative net migration means more people moving out than moving in)

Urban

having to do with cities - urban areas are cities