a&p 1 unit #1 pt. 1

epithelial tissue

cover and line all body surfaces and cavities

connective tissue

connects all other tissues; bind, support, protect, and allow for transportation of substances

muscle tissue

capable of generating force by contracting

nervous tissues

consist of cells capable of generating, sending, and receiving messages

extracellular fluids

body fluids, including interstitial fluid, blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid

extracellular matrix

substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

plasma membrane

acts as an active barrier separatig intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)

integral and peripheral

what are the two types of membrane proteins

dorsal or posterior body cavity

closed internal body cavity largely located on the posterior side of the body that contains the brain and spinal cord

cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity

what are the two subdivisions of the posterior body cavity

cranial cavity

upper subdivision of the dorsal body cavity that contains the brain

vertebral (spinal) cavity

lower subdivision of the dorsal body cavity that contains the spinal cord

anterior (ventral) body cavity

closed internal body cavity largely located on the anterior side of the body that contains many vital organs and organ systems

diaphragm

what separates the two division of the anterior body cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

what are the two divisions of the anterior body cavity

integral proteins

firmly inserted into membrane, functions as transport proteins

peripheral proteins

loosely attached to integral proteins or anchored to the membrane, functions as enzyme, motor proteins for shape change during cell division

glycolipids

sugars attached to lipids

glycoproteins

sugars attached to proteins

cell junctions

a way cells bind to one another where neighboring cell’s plasma membranes are linked by integral proteins

tight junctions

hold cells closely together such that space between is impermeable to movement of macromolecules

desmosomes

composed of linking integral proteins; allow for materials in extracellular fluid to pass through space between cells

gap junctions

small pored formed by protein channels between adjacent cells that allow small substances to flow freely between teach cell’s cytoplasm

tight junctions and desmosomes

what cell junctions make up epithelial tissue

protection, immune defenses, secretion, transport into either tissues, sensation

function of epithelial tissue

ET consists of tightly packed cells, linked together by tight junctions and desmosomes

fairly impermeable and resistant to physical stresses and mechanical injury

components of epithelia tissue

avascular

ECM is found beneath cells in a thin basement membrane

exhibits polarity = apical and basal

characteristics of ET

basal lamina and reticular lamina

ECM is found beneath cells in a thin basement membrane, has what two components

basal lamina

ECM synthesized by epithelial cells, consists of collagen fibers and ground substances

reticular lamina

synthesized by underlying connective tissue; consists of reticular fibers and ground substance

one-cell layer thick, adapted for transportation of substances between different tissues

what is the function of simple epithelia

adapted for rapid diffusion of substances, allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important

simple squamous ET function

lung alveoli, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, serosae

simple squamous ET location

secretion and absorption

simple cuboidal ET function

kidney tubules, respiratory passages, ducts and secretory portions of glands

simple cuboidal ET location

absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances

small intestine

secrete substances, particularly mucus; propulsion of mucus by cillary action

pseudostratified columnar ET function

trachea and nasal cavity

pseudostratified columnar ET lcoation

best suited as protective barriers in locations subjected to high degrees of mechanical stress

stratified epithelium function

epidermis of skin

keratinized stratified squamous ET location

esophagus, mouth, and vagine

nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET location

stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ

transitional ET function

lines the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

transitional ET location

gland

structure of epithelial origin that synthesizes and secretes a product from designated secretory cells

endocrine glands

secrete their products, usually hormones, directly into the blood stream without the use of ducts

exocrine glands

release products onto apical surfaces of epithelium located on external surface of body or lining a hollow organ that opens to outside of body

goblet cells

most common unicellular exocrine gland, secrete mucus

ground substance, fibers, and cells

all connective tissue have three main components, what are they?

collagen, elastic, and reticular

what are the connective tissue fibers

collagen fibers

strongest and most abundant fiber type, tough; provides high tensile strength

elastic fibers

networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

reticular fibers

short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers

fibroblasts 

adipocytes

mast cells 

phagocytes

what are the cells found in connective tissue proper

fibroblasts

most common resident cell, make protein fibers and ground substance

mast cells

largest resident cell, immune system cells are filled with these

marcrophages

immune cells; can ingest foreign substances, microorganisms, and dead or damaged cells

connecting and binding, support, protection, transport, 

connective tissue functions

connective tissue proper

widely distributed in body, connect tissues and organs to one another, components of internal architecture of some organs

areolar CT

what type of tissue is primary composed of ground substance, has collagen, and elastic fibers

wraps and cushions organs, supplies blood to epithelial tissue 

what is the function of areolar CT

widely distributed under epithelial tissue, in membranes lining body cavities, and within walls of hollow organs

where can areolar CT be found

provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss, supports and protect organs; shock absorption

function of adipose CT

under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyballs, within abdomen, in breasts

where is adipose CT found

fibers form fine networks/soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

function of reticular CT

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)

reticular CT location

attaches muscle to bone or to muscles, attaches bone to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling force in one diffraction 

dense regular CT function 

tendons and ligaments

location of dense regular CT

withstands tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strenght

dense irregular CT function

dermis of skin, fibrous capusles of organs and of joints 

dense irregular CT locationd

allows tissue to recoil after stretching, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

dense regular elastic CT

cartilage

touch, flexible tissue; absorbs shock and resists tension, compression, and shearing forces

chondroblast

immature cell that produces ECM and undergo mitosis 

chondrocyte

cells surrounded by ECM in lacunae; inactive mature cells

supports and reinforces, serves as a resilient cushion, and resists compressive stress

hyaline cartilage function

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

hyaline cartilage location

tensile strength that allows if to absorb compressive shock 

fibrocartilage function

invertebratal discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

location of fibrocartilage

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility, allows this tissue to vibrate

elastic cartilage function

external ear, epiglottis, larynx

elastic cartilage location

osteoblasts 

found on outer surface of bones; carry out process of bone deposition; synthesize and secrete organic ECM

osteocytes

osteoblasts that have surrounded themselves with ECM in lacunae; mature cells

osteoclasts

large multinucleated bone destroyers; carry out process of bone