HDFS220 Exam 2

Those whose gender identities match their biological sex are increasingly known as:

cisgender

Learning through imitation is known as:

Modeling

When Heather directs her children's attention to specific objects such as dolls for her daughter and trucks for her sons, she is engaging in:

Channeling

refers to the process by which we come to learn what behaviors, demeanor, and temperament are expected of us, by virtue of our assigned gender.

gender socialization

Contemporary gender roles are more egalitarian than traditional roles.

true

Even though individuals want and value many of the same qualities in friends and lovers—such as trust, acceptance, kindness, and warmth—they exercise more selectivity in choosing friends than they do romantic partners

False

which one is false about gender and friendship:

------men engage more in co-rumination

True:

wives or romantic partners are often the closest confidants in men's lives

girls spend more time in dyads (groups of two)

men tend to express friendship through group physical activities with little self disclosure.

are models of what we mean by love?

Prototypes of love

According to John Lee, which style of love is a form of romantic or passionate love

Eros

According to John Lee, which style of love is a combination of eros and storge love?

Agape

In general, sexual scripts reveal how:

society influences sexual behavior.

In Laura Carpenter's study of loss of virginity, she found that respondents tended to explain it in each of the following terms except:

virginity as an unimportant symbol.

Which of the following is a psychosexual development task of middle adulthood?​

Reevaluating sexuality

Autoeroticism is one of our earliest and most universal yet also less accepted expressions of sexuality in our society

True

Research suggests that what parents teach their children about sex and sexuality is shaped by what they themselves were taught and reflects what they wish they had received from their parents

True

Sexual interactions that take place outside of the marital relationship between at least one married partner?

extramarital affair

consists of expectations of how to behave sexually as a female or male and as a heterosexual, bisexual, lesbian, or gay male.

sexual scripts

which of the following is not a traditional male sexual script:

being the breadwinner

which one is not a traditional female sexual script:

Ability to give partners orgasms

The majority of young people first become sexually active as a result of personal decision.

False

Gender

Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.

•Gender identity refers to "one's sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender

Sexual orientation

refers to the clear, persistent desire of a person for affiliation with one sex rather than the other. Also called sexual preference.

•Heterosexuality

is the attraction to persons of the opposite sex

•Homosexuality

is the attraction to persons of the same sex

•Bisexuality

is the attraction to persons of both sexes.

•Pansexuality-is sexual attraction, romantic love, or emotional attraction toward people of any sex or gender identity

•Intersex-individual is a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male

•Transgender individuals-a person whose gender-identity does not conform biological sex

•Cisgender-individuals person whose gender agrees with their biological sex

GENDER IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE

:•Our developmental trajectory is shaped by our gender

•Gender influences who we are, what we do and our expectations

•Our family experiences are highly "gendered"

Behavioral: Social Learning Theory

•Rewards, punishments and modeling-

•Has been modified to include cognitive processes, such as the use of language, the anticipation of consequences, and observation.

•Modeling

Cognitive Development Theory:

•Piaget and Kohlberg- gender schemes

•Stresses importance of age and learning

Manipulation:

•"nice girls don't fight, curse, etc".

•"big boys don't cry"

•Channeling

•Toys have gendered themes:

Verbal Appellation:

Girls are- Bossy, aggressive, sensitive.

*In the workplace men are known as "driven or bosses" and women are referred to as "bitches"

Boys are- Assertive, active, weak.

Activity Exposure:

•Chores are often characterized by gender.

OTHER SOURCES OF SOCIALIZATION

•School-Around the time children enter day care centers or kindergarten, teachers and peers become important influences in their overall development and gender socialization.( gender playground)

•Peers-A child's age-mates, or peers, become especially important when the child enters school.

•Religion-Various aspects of religion appear to affect gender ideology.

•Popular Culture and Mass Media-With heavy exposure, the content of media messages becomes more significant.

CONTINUED GENDER DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD

College-Within the college setting, many young adults learn to think critically, exchange ideas, and discover the bases for their actions.

Marriage and Parenthood-People's experiences in marriage and parenthood can also lead to changes in gender attitudes, beliefs, and behavior.

The Workplace-Experiences in the workplace can also lead to changes in one's attitudes and expectations.•Second shift

CH 4/5 Summary

•Traditional gender roles are changing

.•More variation in gender roles, but not in gender stereotypes

•Parents, school, and peers are important agents of socialization.

•Contemporary gender roles are more egalitarian than traditional roles.

THE NEED FOR INTIMACY

•Humans require other humans with whom we feel close and to whom we can commit.

•In psychologist Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, after the meeting of our physiological needs and needs for safety, our social needs—for intimacy and love—are the most fundamental of human needs.

Intimacy-

( Erickson's 6thStage) -emotional and sexual •Closeness between two people

•Intimacy consists of four key features:

•Love and/or affection-More we feel another person likes us, more likely to disclose

•Personal validation-When we feel appreciated or understood

•Trust-open up freely

•Self-disclosure-Sharing both facts and our deeper feelings

•Benefits to Intimacy: Increase self esteem, happiness, confidence, positive feelings about ourselves and keep from loneliness.

IMPORTANCE OF LOVE

•Love is essential to our lives.

•Friendship and love are the two most important sources of intimacy people have.

•Friends may be deemed desirable on the basis of their specific combination of unique attributes.

•Romantic partners are more carefully selected, and their desirability is more carefully evaluated.

•Commitment to the relationship

•Reproductive success

•Eventual attachment to offspring

GENDER AND INTIMACY: MEN AND WOMEN AS FRIENDS AND LOVERS

•There is a gender bias in our cultural constructions of love that distorts our understanding of how both men and women love.-Feminization of love ( "seeing" love primarily in expressive terms)

•Much of what women do as expressions of love consists of instrumental displays associated with nurturing and caregiving more than expressive displays.

•Men : likewise "show" love by what they do•( love is both a feeling AND activity)

GENDER AND FRIENDSHIP

•Men-tend to express friendship through group physical activities with little self disclosure.

•Women: engage in co-rumination•Unique cross-sex friendships known as "friends with benefits" give sexual intimacy without greater commitment.

GENDER AND LOVE-"WOMEN GIVE SEX TO GET LOVE AND MEN GIVE LOVE TO GET SEX" - BERNARD MURSTEIN

•With regard to love, the genders differ in a number of ways.

•Gender differences:

•Do you see differences in how your mother and father individually express their love for each other?

•In heterosexual relationships, males say " I love you" before their partners.

•Males say "I love you" in part to increase the likelihood that their partner will agree to have sex.

SHOWING LOVE: AFFECTION AND SEXUALITY

•A key aspect of love is most often expected to include sexual desire. (Being "in love" = sexual desire)

•Public display of affection and couple status

•Various racial groups display different amounts of public affection.

•Interracial relationships are increasing rapidly.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND LOVE

•Love is equally important for heterosexuals, gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals.

•For lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals, love has special significance in the formation and acceptance of their identities.

INTRODUCTION TO LOVE:

•Our romantic view of love of love based marriage is somewhat dictated by our SES.

•Upper SES: Marry the "right kind" of people

•Middle SES : Traditional perspective

•Lower SES: Marriage a means of escape from parents

Despite centuries of discussion, debate, and complaint by philosophers and lovers, no one has succeeded in finding a single definition of love on which all can agree.

•We may not so much have formal definitions of love as we do prototypes or models of love based on our experiences and the media's representation of love.

•Hendrick and Hendrick's Love Attitude Scale

is a 42-item instrument based on and designed to measure sociologist John Lee's (1973, 1988) six styles of love:

•Eros: Romantic or passionate love

•Ludus: Playful or game-playing love

•Storge: Love (peaceful) between companions

•Mania: Obsessive or rollercoaster love (eros+ ludus)

•Agape: Altruistic or patient love (eros+ storge)

•Pragma: Practical or logical love (ludus+ storge)

•Hatfield and Sprecher's Passionate and Companionate Love

•Divides love into two types

•Passionate - "an intense longing for union with another"

-------Romantic love

•Companionate - the warm and tender affection we feel for close others

-------Affectionate love

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

•According to the theory, love is composed of three elements that can be visualized as the points of a triangle:

•Intimacy

•Passion

•Decision or commitment

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTACHMENT:

•Based on how babies respond in the Strange Situation

•securely attached-babies use the caregiver as a secure base

•insecure avoidant babies-show insecurity by avoiding the mother

•insecure resistant/ambivalent babies-often cling to the caregiver and then resist fighting against the closeness

•insecure disorganized babies-disoriented

•Based on how adults respond in relationships-

•Secure adults-use romantic partner as the base.

•Avoidant adults-Feel discomfort in being close, maintain distance and avoid intimacy

•Anxious or ambivalent-feel unworthy of love need approval

FINDING LOVE AND CHOOSING PARTNERS

•People select each other in a kind of marketplace of relationships-(Homogamy)

•Halo effect-cognitive bias (infer qualities based on looks)

----The assumption that good-looking people possess more desirable social characteristics than unattractive people

JEALOUSY

•Occurs because of a partner's real, imagined, or likely involvement with a third person

•Fear of loss, coupled with insecurity, increases the likelihood of jealousy.

•Suspicious jealousy--Early stages of relationship- no reason to be jealous

•Reactive jealousy---Jealousy that occurs when a partner reveals a current past or anticipated relationship

SEXUAL SCRIPTS

•Expectations of how to behave sexually

•Enables individuals to organize sexual situations and interpret emotions and sensations as sexually meaningful

•We may modify or change our scripts, but we will not throw them away.

•Society regulates sexuality.--

-Who we have sex with

-What acts are good or bad

-When we have our first encounter

-Where we engage in sex

-Why we have sex

TRADITIONAL MALE SEXUAL SCRIPTS

•Sexual competence

•Ability to give partners orgasms

•Sexual desire

•Prolonged erection

•Being a good lover

•Fertility

•Heterosexuality

TRADITIONAL FEMALE SEXUAL SCRIPTS

•Expected to wait for and comply with male's initiation

•Focuses on feelings and love

•Women are unable talk about sex.

•Some women are not comfortable about communicating their needs.

CONTEMPORARY SEXUAL SCRIPTS

•Sexual expression is positive.

•Sexual activities are a mutual exchange, involves both partners, and they are equally responsible.

•Legitimate sexual activities are not limited to sexual intercourse, but also include masturbation and oral-genital sex.

•Sexual activities may be initiated by either partner.

•Both partners have a right to experience orgasm,

•Nonmarital sex is acceptable within a relationship context.

•Gay, lesbian, and bisexual relationships are increasingly accepted.

HOW DO WE LEARN ABOUT SEX?

•Parental Influence-Children learn a great deal about sexuality from their parents.

-They learn both because their parents set out to teach them and because they are avid observers of their parents' behavior.•

--Siblings

•Peer Influence-Adolescents garner a wealth of information, as well as much misinformation, from one another about sex.---They often put pressure on one another to carry out traditional gender roles.

•Media Influence

UNWANTED, INVOLUNTARY AND FORCED SEX

•Many young people first become sexually active as a result of pressure or force.

•1 in 5 women age 18-44 report ever having been forced by a male to have sex

•7 % of women and 5% of men responded their first sexual intercourse was "not voluntary"

•Racial, age differences and substance abuse are factors in unwanted intercourse.

THE DIFFERENT MEANINGS OF VIRGINITY LOSS

•Laura Carpenter's research suggests that people draw upon three themes to make sense of their lost virginity:

•Virginity as a gift-to someone they love

•Virginity as a stigma-something to shed•

-Virginity loss as part of the transition to adulthood

•Technical virginity-people who have had a variety of experiences but not actual sexual intercourse

GAY AND LESBIAN RELATIONSHIPS COMPARED WITH HETEROSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS

•In many ways, same-sex couples want, experience, and struggle with many of the same things as heterosexual couples

.•Some major areas of difference have been identified:

•Importance attached to gender and gender role behavior

•Presence or absence of role models for healthy relationships

•Resolution of difficulties

•Sexual behavior

•Reduced marketplace

SEXUALITY IN ADULTHOOD

•Developmental Tasks in Middle Adulthood

•1. Redefining sex in marital or other long-term relationships•Sandwich or Squeeze generation•Divorce or separation

•2. Reevaluating sexuality- biological clock

•3. Accepting the biological aging process

----Men vs women:

•Men fear loss of sexuality and women fear loss of attractiveness.

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATER ADULTHOOD

•Many of the psychosexual tasks older Americans must undertake are directly related to the aging process:

•Changing sexuality due to health issues and menopause

•Loss of partner

ADULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

•Autoeroticism---Sexual activities such as sexual fantasies, masturbation, and erotic dreams that involve only the self•less acceptable in our society

•Interpersonal Sexuality-

•Touching

•Kissing

•Oral-genital Sex

•Sexual intercourse

•Anal eroticism

SEXUAL EXPRESSION AND RELATIONSHIPS

•Nonmarital sex -divorced, older singles or widowed---Encompasses sexual activities that take place outside of marriage among unmarried adults----Premarital sex-young adults under 30 or adolescents

•Extramarital sex----Sexual interactions that take place outside of the marital relationship between at least one married partner

MARITAL SEXUALITY

•Monogamy-Within marriage, all sexual interactions are expected to take place between the spouses.

•Socially Sanctioned Reproduction--In most segments of society, marriage remains the more socially approved setting for having children.

•Changed Sexual Context--Sexual intercourse must be arranged around working hours and at times when the children are at school or asleep.

•Celibate marriages-pregnancy, competing time demands, chronic illness or disability

•Nonmonogamy-

ISSUES RESULTING FROM SEXUAL INVOLVEMENT

•Americans are in the middle of the worst epidemic of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in our history.

•There are an estimated 20 million new cases of STIs in the United States each year, the highest rate of infection of any industrialized nation in the world.

SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY

•Disclosure of intentions

•Freely and mutually agreed-upon sexual activities

•Use of mutually agreed-upon contraception method

•Use of "safer sex" practices

•Disclosure of infections and exposures

•Acceptance of consequences of sexual behavior