PSK4U1 Exam Review Units 1-4

Vocabulary flashcards based on lecture notes for exam review.

Anterior/Posterior

Toward the front vs. toward the back.

Superior/Inferior

Above vs. below.

Medial/Lateral

Toward the midline vs. away from the midline.

Proximal/Distal

Closer to the torso/trunk vs. farther from the torso/trunk.

Superficial/Deep

Toward the surface vs. away from the surface.

Flexion

Decreasing the angle between two bones.

Extension

Increasing the angle between two bones.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body.

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly.

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly.

Plantarflexion

Flexing the foot at the ankle joint (pointing toes down).

Dorsiflexion

Extending the foot at the ankle joint (pointing toes up).

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward.

External Rotation

Rotation away from the midline of the body.

Internal Rotation

Rotation toward the midline of the body.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb or body part.

Elevation

Movement in a superior direction.

Depression

Movement in an inferior direction.

Protraction

Movement of a body part forward.

Retraction

Movement of a body part backward.

Skeletal System Function

Provides structural support for soft tissues, muscles, and internal organs.

Skeletal System Function

Serves as a reservoir for minerals.

Skeletal System Function

Provides protection for organs.

Skeletal System Function

Acts as a growth center for cells.

Skeletal System Function

Where red blood cells and platelets are built in bone marrow.

Irregular Bone

Odd looking bones (e.g., vertebrae).

Long Bone

Bones found in the arms and legs (e.g., phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals).

Short Bone

Bones most common in the wrist (e.g., carpals and tarsals).

Sesamoid Bone

Unusual, small, flat bones wrapped within tendons that move over bony surfaces.

Flat Bone

Flat and thin bones found in the roof of the skull.

Ball and Socket Joint

Joint allowing movement in all directions; Examples: shoulder and hip.

Hinge Joint

Joint allowing movement in one plane; Examples: elbow and knee.

Saddle Joint

Joint allowing movement in two planes; Example: thumb.

Pivot Joint

Joint allowing rotational movement; Example: neck (atlas and axis).

Ellipsoid Joint

Joint allowing oval shape movement Example: Wrist.

Gliding Joint

Joint allowing bones to Glide over each other. Examples: The food between tarsals and carpals.

Dislocation

Occurs when bone is displaced from its joint, often from falls.

Separation

More serious than dislocations; Ligaments/tendons are separated.

Osteoarthritis

Condition involving loss of cartilage at joints.

Rotator Cuff Tear

Four major muscles that control the shoulder; tendons get injured when muscles attaching the shoulder are injured.

Bicep Tendonitis

Overuse injury that happens when biceps brachii muscles are not given enough rest.

Knee Ligament Tears

Most common ligament tear of the knee is from blows to the lateral side of the knee.

Osgood-Schlatter Syndrome

Results as a condition of osteochondritis, disease of the ossification centers of the bones of young children; affects the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity.

Patellofemoral Syndrome

Gradual onset of pain of the anterior knee or pain around the patella; usually affects adolescents or young adults, and women.

Inversion Sprains

Weakest when it is plantar flexed, most common in jumping athletes.

Eversion Sprains

Rare due to the strength of deltoid ligaments.

Shoulder Separation

Ligaments attached to both shoulder and collarbone are disrupted.

Shoulder Dislocation

Occurs when humerus “pops out” of the glenoid fossa.

Smooth Muscle

Muscle found in Internal Organs, it is involuntary, and found in blood vessel

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found in the Heart, and is involuntary.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Attached to bones and is voluntary.

Supraspinatus Function

Stabilizes the shoulder joint and abducts the shoulder.

Gastrocnemius Function

Plantar flexes the ankle and flexes the knee.

Soleus Function

Plantar flexes the ankle.

Tibialis Anterior Function

Dorsiflexes the foot and inverts foot.

Rectus Abdominis Function

Flexes trunk, involved in expiration, defecation, and childbirth.

Rectus Femoris Function

Knee extension and hip flexion.

Biceps Femoris Function

Extensor of hip, flexor of knee, and externally rotates the flexed knee.

Gluteus Maximus Function

Hip extension and external rotation.

Biceps Brachii Function

Supinates forearm and flexes elbow

Triceps Brachii Function

Antagonistic with biceps brachii and acts as main extensor of shoulder and elbow.

Concentric

Muscle shortening under tension.

Eccentric

Muscle lengthening under tension.

Isometric

Muscle contracts but there is no change in muscle length.

Agonist

The muscle that does main work in an action.

Antagonist

The muscle that does the opposite action of the agonist.

Synergist

Muscle that works together to create a movement.

Stabilizer

Maintain optimal joint alignment; deeper muscles are closer to the joints.

Muscle Atrophy

Decrease in muscle size and wasting of muscle tissue.

Hypertrophy

Increase of muscle mass.

Proprioception

Ability to sense position, orientation, and movement.

ATP/PC (Alactic)

Anaerobic energy system that lasts for approximately 15 seconds and does not produce lactic acid.

Glycolysis (Lactic)

Anaerobic energy system that lasts from 15 seconds to 3 minutes. 3. Lactic acid byproduct 4. Partial breakdown of glucose

Aerobic Respiration (Cellular Respiration)

Main source of energy in endurance events, requires oxygen, and yields large amounts of ATP.

Carbohydrates

Quick energy source; 4 kilocalories per gram.

Protein

Build and repair muscles; 4 kilocalories per gram.

Fats

Long lasting energy; 9 kilocalories per gram.

Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers that generate and relax slowly, maintaining tension for long periods of time.

Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers that tense and relax quickly, generating large amounts of tension with low endurance.