Exploring Good and Evil: Key Concepts and Perspectives Flashcards | Quizlet

year 10 start cards

What is considered morally right and beneficial?

Good

What term describes that which is considered extremely immoral or wicked?

Evil

What does forgiveness entail?

Granting pardon for a wrongdoing and letting go of resentment or the desire for revenge.

Define free will.

The ability to make choices voluntarily and independently.

What is justice?

Fairness; where everyone has equal provisions and opportunity.

How is morality defined?

Principles and standards determining which actions are right or wrong.

What is punishment?

A penalty given for a crime or wrong that has been committed.

What is a sin?

A deliberate immoral action, breaking a religious or moral law.

What is suffering?

Pain or distress caused by injury, illness, or loss.

What does absolute morality imply?

Actions are always either 'moral' or 'immoral', regardless of the situation.

Define relative morality.

Actions are not 'moral' or 'immoral'; they depend on the situation.

Who was Aristotle in relation to morality?

An ancient Greek philosopher who believed in absolute morality and the development of virtues.

What is the function of conscience?

The voice of God within individuals that provides a moral sense of right and wrong.

What are the aims of punishment?

Protection, Retribution, Deterrence, Reformation, Vindication, and Reparation.

What does protection in punishment refer to?

Protecting people from becoming victims of more crime by removing a criminal from society.

Describe retribution in the context of punishment.

'Getting even' - the criminal suffers as they made someone else suffer.

What is deterrence?

To deter or discourage someone from committing crime.

Explain the aim of reformation in punishment.

To reform or rehabilitate the criminal to understand their offenses.

What is vindication in relation to punishment?

Punishment to uphold the authority of the law.

What does reparation mean in the context of punishment?

Repairing the damage done, such as through community service.

What is a prison reformer?

Someone who advocates for change within the prison system.

Who was Elizabeth Fry?

An 18th-century Quaker who worked to improve the British prison system.

What did John Howard do?

He inspected prisons in the late 18th century and called for essential provisions.

Define the role of prison chaplains.

Ministers who provide pastoral care for prisoners.

What does counselling involve?

Providing guidance and support to individuals.

What is rehabilitation?

The process of helping individuals reintegrate into society after serving a sentence.

What are spiritual needs?

Emotional and psychological requirements related to one's faith or beliefs.

What is the death penalty?

The legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime.

Who are liberal Christians regarding the death penalty?

Christians who oppose the death penalty based on teachings like 'Thou shall not kill'.

What do Quakers advocate for?

Reformative punishments and emphasizing the dignity of prisoners.

What is the stance of Conservative Christians on the death penalty?

They support it, citing biblical references such as 'an eye for an eye'.

Explain Catholic views on the death penalty.

Catholics are divided; traditionally allowing it under strict conditions.

What is the general Muslim view on the death penalty?

Most Muslims agree it's justified for murder but have concerns about fairness.

Define confession in religious terms.

Acknowledgment of one's sins to God.

What does reconciliation entail?

Accepting an apology and forgiving someone to restore harmony.

Describe penance.

Regret for sin, confession, and an act showing sorrow ordered by the confessor.

What does Luke 6:37 teach?

'Do not judge, and you will not be judged. Forgive and you will be forgiven.'

What does Matthew 18:22 convey about forgiveness?

Emphasizes the importance of forgiving repeatedly.

What does Matthew 6:14-15 state about forgiveness?

If you forgive others, your heavenly Father will forgive you.

What moral lesson does the Parable of the unmerciful servant convey?

We must forgive others to be forgiven ourselves.

What is illustrated in the Parable of the prodigal son?

Forgiveness and redemption through familial relationships.

What is the significance of forgiveness in Christianity as seen in figures like Gee Walker?

Demonstrates forgiveness as an act of faith despite wrongdoing.

Who is Azim Khamisa?

He forgave the killer of his son and works to prevent youth violence.

What does Islam teach about forgiveness?

Forgiving others leads to rewards from God and is essential for peace.

What comprises God's attributes regarding forgiveness?

God is described as 'Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful'.

What role does the Devil play in the concept of evil?

The Devil is seen as a power for evil, formally an angel who disobeyed God.

What does suffering represent in some religious perspectives?

A test of faith, as illustrated in the Story of Job.

Define the concept of Natural Evil.

Natural disasters that humans cannot control.

What is Moral Evil?

Acts by humans that are considered morally wrong.

Explain ‘The Inconsistent Triad’ in philosophy.

God cannot be all-powerful and all-loving if evil exists.

What does Irenaean Theodicy propose?

God is partly responsible for the existence of evil due to human imperfection.

How does Hick's view relate to human creation?

Humans were created as imperfect to grow into the 'likeness' of God.

What is ‘The Fall’ in religious context?

Evil as a consequence of Adam and Eve's disobedience in Eden.

What does Genesis 8:21 say about the human heart?

'The intent of man's heart is evil from his youth.'

What is Free Will's significance in morality?

Free will is God-given and essential for moral beings.

What does Preserved Tablet refer to in Islam?

A record of all that has happened and will happen, believed by Sunni Muslims.

What is the Shi'a belief of Bada?

The belief that divine decree can change based on new circumstances.