LESSON 1 DEF OF TERMS AND HISTORY OF IMMUNOSERO

defined as resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease.

immunology

Defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

immunology

Immunology is defined as resistance to disease, specifically __________disease.

infectious

Diagnostic examination of blood serum and other body fluids with regards to the response of the

immune system to pathogens.

Serology

condition of being resistant to infection

Immunity

The phenomenon in which exposure to one infectious agent produces protection

against another agent

Cross immunity

substance that stimulates antibody formation and has the ability to bind to an antibody

Antigens

Any substance that is capable of inducing an immune response.

Immunogen

a low-molecular-weight, nonantigenic substance that, when combined with an antigen,

changes the antigenic specificity of that antigen.

Hapten

glycoprotein substance (immunoglobulin) that is produced by B lymphocytes in response to

an antigen.

Antibody

derived from a single B-cell clone and are produced as a single class of

immunoglobulin with specificity unique to the antigenic stimulus.

Monoclonal antibodies

produced as different classes of immunoglobulins by many B-cell clones in

response to an antigen

Polyclonal antibodies

Antibodies produced in response to antigens from another

species

Heteroantibodies or xenoantibodies-

formed in response to antigens from individuals of the same species

Alloantibodies

produced by the body’s immune system against “self” antigens

Autoantibodies

part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody or T-cell receptor

Epitope

the clumping of particulate antigens by antibodies specific for the antigens.

Agglutination

is the tendency that an epitope has for combining with the antigen-binding site on an antibody

molecule.

Affinity

strength of the bond between the antigen and the antibody.

Avidity

smallest amount of antigen or antibody that can be detected.

Sensitivity

ability of an antibody to bind to an antigen with complementary determinants and not to an

antigen with dissimilar determinants.

Specificity

glycoprotein substances secreted by antigen-stimulated B cells

Immunoglobulins

It is the predominant immunoglobulin in secretions such as tears, saliva, sweat, breast milk, and

respiratory tract, genital, and intestinal secretions

IgA

exists as a monomer, and its function is unknown.

IgD

- binds to crystallizable fragment (Fc) receptors on mast cells and basophils and is elevated during

parasitic infections and Type I allergic reactions

IgE

- is the predominant immunoglobulin in the adult. s. It is also the only immunoglobulin that crosses

the placental barrier, thus transferring immunity from mother to infant.

IgG

- is the largest of the immunoglobulins, existing as a pentamer. It is the first immunoglobulin to be

produced after exposure to an antigen

IgM

group of proteins synthesized in mononuclear phagocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and

some endothelial cells.

Complement-

A small peptide formed during complement activation

that causes increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle,

and release of histamine from basophils and mast cells.

•Anaphylatoxins

A life-threatening response to an allergen characterized by

the systemic release of histamine

Anaphylaxis

The Latin term immunis, meaning _________ is

the source of the English word _______, meaning the state of protection

from infectious disease.

“exempt,” ; immunity

As early as ___ BC, during the plague in Athens, ______ recorded

that individuals who had previously contracted the disease recovered and

he recognized their “immune” status.

430 BC

Thucydides

WHEN; Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powder made from

smallpox scabs in order to produce protection against this dreaded

disease.

1500s

- practice of deliberately exposing an individual to

material from smallpox lesions.

Variolation

In the 15th century, powdered smallpox “_____” were inserted with a pin into the skin. When this

practice became popular in______, it was discouraged at first, partly because the practice of

inoculation occasionally killed or disfigured a patient. _________ is generally considered to be the

Father of Immunology.

crusts

England

Louis Pasteur

WHEN; Discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and

immunity to smallpox.

Edward Jenner

Vaccination (from ____, the Latin word for “cow”) - procedure of injecting cellular material.

vacca

WHO; a key figure in the development of both microbiology and immunology, accidentally

found that old cultures would not cause disease in chickens. Subsequent injections of more virulent

organisms had no effect on the birds that had been previously exposed to the older cultures. In this

manner, the first attenuated vaccine was discovered.

Louis Pasteur,

to make a pathogen less virulent through heat, aging or chemical means.

Attenuation