anatomy & physiology unit 1

unit 1

frontal planes

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

anatomy

study of the structure of the body and physical relationships among body parts

physiology

study of function and how organisms perform functions

anabolic

to build up

catabolic

to break down

homeostasis

internal stability or equilibrium

negative feedback

returning back to homeostasis

positive feedback

exacerbates the phenomenon causing the body to be out of homeostasis

levels of organization

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

atom

smallest stable units of matter

cell

smallest living units in the body

tissue

a group of cells working together to perform a specific function

organs

two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions

organ system

consist of interacting organs

organism

collection of organ systems working together to maintain life and health

protons

positively charged particles

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Molecule

atoms of one or more elements held together by covalent bonds

Compound

made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds in a fixed proportion

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another (electrical attraction)

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Ion

a charged atom or molecule

Cation

A positively charged ion

anion

A negatively charged ion

polar

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

decomposition reaction

breaks a molecule into smaller fragments

AB --\> A + B

decomposition reaction

hydrolosis reaction

decomposition reaction involving water

AB + H2O --\> AH + BOH

hydrolysis reaction

Catabolism

collective term for decomposition reactions in the body, release energy

CD --\> C + D + energy

catabolism

synthesis reaction

combining parts into a whole, opposite of decomposition

A + B --\> AB

synthesis reaction

dehydration synthesis

removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

AH + BOH --\> AB + H2O

dehydration synthesis

anabolism

collective term for synthesis reactions

exchange reaction

Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products

AB + CD --\> AD + CB

exchange reaction

activation energy

minimum energy needed to get a reaction started

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

aqueos solution

a solution in which water is the solvent

colloid

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

pH

the measure of concentration of H+ in a solution

acidic

pH less than 7

basic

pH greater than 7

neutral

pH \= 7

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

functional groups

attached groupings of atoms that influence properties of the molecule

Carbohydrates

organic molecules broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Monosaccharides

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharide

two monosaccharides bonded together

Polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates formed from multiple disaccharides and/or monosaccharides

Lipids

organic compounds such as fats that provide long lasting energy

structural lipids

help form and maintain a cell's surrounding membrane and its intracellular membranes

fatty acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, head is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic. energy sources.

Hydrophilic

dissolves in water

Hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water

saturated fatty acid

each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds

unsaturated fatty acid

a fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds

Monounsaturated

one double bond

polyunsaturated

more than one double bond

Glycerides

fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
-energy source
-insulation
-protection

monoglyceride

a glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached

diglyceride

glycerol + 2 fatty acids

Triglyceride

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Steroids

lipids with 4 carbon rings

Cholesterol

steroid that maintains plasma membranes

sex hormones

steroids that regulate sexual & metabolic functions

Phospholipid

phosphate linking a diglyceride to a non lipid group

Glycolipids

carbohydrates attached to a diglyceride

Proteins

long chains of amino acids

peptide

amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids

Protein Structure: Primary

sequence of amino acids

Protein Structure: Secondary

bonds formed between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain

Protein structure: tertiary

Secondary structures and random coiled regions fold into 3D shape

Protein structure: Quaternary

multiple polypeptide chains come together to form one protein c

Denaturation

protein changes its shape in tertiary or quaternary structure & the function deteriorates

active site

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Specificity

each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction

high energy compounds

donate energy to enzymatic reactions to form products

high energy bonds

covalent bonds that release energy when broken

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

cellular differentiation

The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function

intersitial fluid

watery medium that surrounds the cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid found between cell & nuclear membrane

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Organelle

intracellular structure with specific function

nonmembranous organelles

not completely enclosed by membranes

Membrane organelles

enclosed in phospholipid membrane