EARTH_SCI_REVIEWER_PT_2

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Plant materials (wood, agricultural waste, etc.) and animal wastes that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels.

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1

Plant materials (wood, agricultural waste, etc.) and animal wastes that can be burned directly as a solid fuel or converted to gaseous or liquid biofuels.

Biomass

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2

Fuels, such as biodiesel and ethanol, that are produced from plant and plant wastes and used as alternatives to petroleum-based diesel fuel and gasoline.

Biofuel

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3

Plant materials that are burned for heating, cooking, industrial processes, and generating electricity, such as wood, wood wastes, charcoal, and animal manure.

Solid biomass

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4

A situation where about 2.7 billion people in less-developed countries face a shortage of fuelwood and are forced to harvest wood faster than it can be replenished.

Fuelwood crisis

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5

Biofuels, such as biodiesel and ethanol, that are in liquid form and used as alternatives to petroleum-based diesel fuel and gasoline.

Liquid biofuels

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6

Energy generated by wind turbines in wind farms or wind parks, which is the world's second fastest-growing source of energy.

Wind energy

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7

The movement of water around the Earth's surface and subsystems, driven by the sun's energy, through processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.

Hydrologic cycle

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8

The saltiness of water, measured in parts per thousand (ppt), with major sources being weathering and volcanic eruptions.

Salinity

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9

Surface layer (warm, low-density), thermocline (rapid decrease in temperature with depth), and deep zone (uniformly low temperature).

Major ocean zones

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10

Water used at home for various purposes.

Domestic water

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11

Water used in fabricating, washing, processing, cooling, and diluting products in industries.

Industrial water

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12

Water used to grow agricultural plants and sustain livestock.

Agricultural water

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13

Water beneath the Earth's surface that can be carried as runoff or seep into the ground, stored and transmitted in aquifers (bodies of rock and/or sediment with the ability to store and transmit water).

Groundwater

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14

Bodies of freshwater on the Earth's surface, such as lakes, rivers, and streams.

Surface freshwater bodies

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15

Water in the oceans, which make up about 97.5% of the Earth's surface water.

Saltwater

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16

Reservoirs of water that are mostly stored in glaciers in polar regions and high mountains.

Freshwater

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17

Permanent bodies of ice that store freshwater.

Glaciers

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18

Masses of glacial land ice extending over 5000 km^2, found in Greenland, Antarctica, North America, and Scandinavia.

Ice sheets

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19

Soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for more than 2 consecutive years.

Permafrost

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20

Streams, lakes, and wetlands that store freshwater from rainfall, melting snow and ice, and groundwater flows.

Surface water reservoirs

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21

A moving body of surface water that flows downslope toward sea level because of gravity.

Stream

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22

The land area in which water flows into a particular stream.

Drainage basin or watershed

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23

A stream with considerable volume and a well-defined channel.

River

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24

Large inland bodies of fresh or saline water.

Lakes

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25

Land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods.

Wetlands

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26

A partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from a stream meets saltwater.

Estuary

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27

Freshwater found in the rock and soil layers beneath the surface.

Groundwater

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28

Water-bearing rock layers that hold groundwater.

Aquifer

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29

The total amount of empty spaces in rock, determining the amount of groundwater an aquifer can hold.

Porosity

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30

The ability of rock or sediments to allow water to pass through.

Permeability

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31

The boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation in groundwater.

Water table

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32

Different types of groundwater sources and features.

Aquifers, artesian wells, and springs

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33

Nutrient enrichment, acid rain, changes in salinity, pathogenic organisms, pesticide contamination, and chemical contaminants.

Factors affecting water quality

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34

Farming practices that can impact water quality.

Agricultural activities that affect freshwater

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35

Activities encompassing planning, developing, distributing, and optimizing water resources.

Water management

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36

A leading authority in setting a global environmental agenda.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

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37

An organization that provides access to safe water and sanitation in developing countries.

Water.org

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38

A company that provides strategies for urban water efficiency solutions.

Miya

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39

An NGO that developed "The Straw" to remove pathogens from water.

WATERisLIFE

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40

Presidential Degree 1586, Republic Act 9275, and The Water Code.

Policies in the PH about water management

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41

The process of breaking down rocks at Earth's surface.

Weathering

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42

The process in which rocks are broken down into smaller pieces without any change in chemical composition.

Mechanical weathering

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43

The repeated cycles of freezing and thawing of ice that cause rocks to break apart.

Frost wedging

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44

The expansion of rocks when exposed to high temperatures.

Thermal expansion

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45

The process in which seawater penetrates crevices in rocks, mostly found in rocky shorelines and arid regions, causing the rocks to break apart.

Salt crystal growth

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46

The action of organisms that contribute to the weathering of rocks.

Biological activity

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47

The erosion or uplift of thick layers of sediments overlying deeply buried rocks, resulting in their removal.

Unloading

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48

The process in which rock materials are changed into other substances.

Chemical weathering

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49

The process in which a solid dissolves in water.

Dissolution

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50

The reaction of water with a mineral to form a new mineral.

Hydrolysis

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51

The combination of oxygen with a mineral to form a different mineral, where at least one of the elements has a higher ionic charge.

Oxidation

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52

The combination of moisture and temperature that affects the rate of weathering.

Climate

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53

The height above sea level, which can make an area more susceptible to weathering.

Elevation

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54

The extent of exposed surface that is subject to weathering processes.

Large surface area

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55

A series that illustrates the relative stability of minerals.

Goldich stability series

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56

The transportation of weathered rocks by water, rivers, wind, gravity, etc.

Erosion

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57

The process in which water carries sediments to different bodies of water.

Water erosion

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58

The process in which light materials like pebbles are carried to different places by wind.

Wind erosion

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59

The process in which a glacier or river of highly compact ice moves downhill, scraping between ice and rock.

Glacial erosion

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60

The vulnerability of soil to erosion caused by factors such as rainfall intensity, soil properties, crop cover, and slope.

Soil erodibility

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61

The composition and arrangement of soil particles that can affect its susceptibility to erosion.

Soil texture

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62

The removal of vegetation by grazing animals, leaving the soil more vulnerable to erosion.

Overgrazing

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63

The removal of trees and vegetation that can contribute to soil erosion.

Cutting of trees/removal of vegetation

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64

The use of these substances can increase the vulnerability of soil to erosion.

Use of pesticides, herbicides, and fuel oils

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65

Measures such as terracing steep terrains, reducing farmland conversion, planting vegetation, using organic fertilizer, and building retaining walls.

Preventing soil erosion

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66

The downslope movement of rock, unconsolidated material, and soil under the influence of gravity.

Mass wasting

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67

When a stream erodes and removes material from a valley wall, causing the slope to weaken.

Stream undercutting

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68

The maximum angle at which an object can rest on an inclined plane without sliding down.

Angle of repose

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69

The absence of plants can lead to slope weakening as roots help hold soil and regolith together.

Lack of plants

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70

The slow, downhill movement of rock or soil.

Creep

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71

A mixture of clay, silt, sand, and rock fragments that flows downhill due to high water content.

Debris flow

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72

A consistency of wet concrete due to high water content, causing water-saturated soil to move downslope.

Mudflow

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73

A type of mass wasting with less water content than mudflow.

Earthflow

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74

The downslope movement of water-saturated soil.

Solifluction

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75

Blocks of material move downhill over a gently curved fracture.

Slump

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76

The sliding of bedrock downslope over a fracture plane.

Rockslide

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77

The rapid, free-falling movement of rocks, which is the fastest type of mass wasting.

Fall

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78

Hazard maps used to identify landslide-prone areas, engineering measures applied before hillslope development, and soft mitigating measures such as information campaigns and early warning systems.

Measures to prevent disasters

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79

Loose solid particles from weathering and erosion, precipitation of minerals dissolved in water, and remains of plants and animals.

Sediments

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80

The measure of how spherical a sediment particle is.

Sphericity

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81

The degree of abrasion shown by the sharpness of the sediment's edges and corners.

Roundness

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82

The degree of uniformity of grain sizes in sediments.

Sorting

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83

The speed at which the medium carrying the sediments is moving, which determines the size of sediments that can be transported.

Velocity of transporting medium

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84

Carried by high-energy or current streams.

Gravel and coarser particles

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85

Transported through wind and wave action.

Sand and finer sediments

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86

Sediments can accumulate on corals, leading to their death.

Effects of sedimentation

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87

A type of pollution caused by an increased amount of suspended sediments and accumulation of fine particles at the bottom of a stream.

Siltation

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88

The uppermost and thinnest layer of the Earth's structure, consisting of continental and oceanic crust.

Crust

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89

The layer below the crust, with the uppermost part and crust making up the lithosphere, and the lower mantle called the mesosphere.

Mantle

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90

The innermost layer of the Earth, composed of iron and nickel, with a liquid outer core and solid inner core.

Core

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91

The heat generated within the Earth's interior through various processes.

Earth's internal heat

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92

The heat left over from the formation of the Earth and extraterrestrial impacts.

Residual heat

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93

The collapse of a cloud of dust that converted gravitational energy into heat energy during the formation of the Earth.

Gravitational contraction

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94

The heat produced by the radioactive decay of unstable elements in the Earth's interior.

Radiogenic heat

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95

The balance between the heat generated in the Earth's interior and the heat released at the surface.

Earth's thermal budget

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96

The process in which solid materials are deposited horizontally after being transported by agents such as water, wind, or ice.

Sedimentation

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97

The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core.

Mantle

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98

The measure of how much light or radiation is reflected by a surface.

Albedo

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99

The process of magma formation and volcanic activity.

Magmatism

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100

Molten rock material produced by partial melting of the mantle and crust.

Magma

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