Ap Human geo unit 2

What is population geography?

The study of where people live, how populations change, and why populations grow or decline.

What is population distribution?

How people are spread across Earth’s surface.

What is population density?

The number of people living in a given area.

What is arithmetic density?

Total population divided by total land area.

What is physiological density?

Number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land.

What is agricultural density?

Number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Where are the major population clusters?

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and eastern North America.

What causes population growth?

High birth rates, lower death rates, and migration.

What is CBR?

The number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

What is CDR?

The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

What is NIR?

The percentage growth of a population (CBR − CDR).

What is TFR?

The average number of children a woman is expected to have.

What is replacement-level fertility?

About 2.1 children per woman, enough to maintain population size.

What is IMR?

Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

What is the DTM?

A model showing how population growth changes as a country develops.

Stage 1 characteristics

High birth rate, high death rate, little population growth.

Stage 2 characteristics

High birth rate, falling death rate, rapid population growth.

Stage 3 characteristics

Falling birth rate, low death rate, slowing growth.

Stage 4 characteristics

Low birth rate, low death rate, stable population.

Stage 5 characteristics

Very low birth rate, aging population, population decline.

What is a population pyramid?

A graph showing age and gender distribution of a population.

What does an expansive pyramid show?

Rapid population growth and a young population.

What does a constrictive pyramid show?

Aging population and population decline.

What is migration?

Permanent movement of people from one place to another.

What are push factor?

Reasons people leave a place (war, poverty, disasters).

What are pull factors?

Reasons people move to a place (jobs, safety, education).

What is forced migration?

Migration where people are required to move (slavery, refugees).

What is voluntary migration?

Migration chosen by individuals for better opportunities.

Who are refugees?

People forced to leave their country due to conflict or persecution.

What is internal migration?

Movement within a country (ex: rural to urban).

What is international migration?

Movement between countries.

What did Ravenstein observe?

Most migrants move short distances and migrate for economic reasons.

What is the gravity model?

Predicts migration based on population size and distance.

What are remittances?

Money sent by migrants back to their home country.

Effects on receiving countries

Economic growth, cultural diversity, labor force increase.

Effects on sending countries

Brain drain but increased income through remittances.

What are population policies?

Government actions to influence population growth.

What is a pro-natalist policy?

Encourages people to have more children.

What is an anti-natalist policy?

Encourages fewer children (ex: China’s former One-Child Policy).