Chapter 3 Biology: Organic Molecules

organic molecules

contain C covalently bonded to C and/or H

inorganic molecules

do not contain C covalently bonded to C and/or H

major macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

what is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide and polysaccharide, respectively

what is the monomer and polymer of a lipid?

glycerol/fatty acids and none, respectively

what is the monomer and polymer of a protein?

amino acids and polypeptide, respectively

what is the monomer and polymer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotides and DNA/RNA, respectively

carbohydrates

sugars and sugar polymers

monosaccharides

simple sugars

disaccharides

two monosaccharides bonded together

to bond molecules together, what reaction is used?

dehydration

to break apart bonded molecules, what reaction is used?

hydrolysis

starch

storage of glucose in plants

amylose (branched or unbranched?)

unbranched

amylopectin (branched or unbranched?)

branched

glycogen

storage of glucose in animals

glycogen (branched or unbranched?)

highly branched

cellulose

in plant walls

chitin

• in exoskeleton of crabs, lobsters, etc

  • in cell walls of fungi

cellulose (branched or unbranched?)

unbranched

chitin (branched or unbranched?)

unbranched

lipids

insoluble fats and oils

saturated fatty acids

have the maximum number of H’s

unsaturated fatty acids

do not have the maximum humber of H

triglycerides

lipids that consist of glycerol and three fatty acids

phospholipids

consists of glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a polar molecule

amphipathic

polar, hydrophilic head and nonpolar tails

steroids (sterols)

carbon skeleton of four fused rings with additional chemical groups

how to steroids differ?

by the groups attached to the carbon skeleton

proteins

one or more chains of amino acids

what connects amino acid chains?

peptide bonds

polypeptide

a chain of amino acids

what is primary structure?

the linear sequence of amino acids

what holds primary structure together?

peptide bonds

what is secondary structure?

local folding of the polypeptide backbone

what are the two types of secondary structure?

alpha helices and beta-pkeated sheets

what holds secondary structures together?

hydrogen bonds

where do the bonds in secondary structure form?

between backbone C=O and N-H groups

what is tertiary structure?

the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide

what stabilizes tertiary structure?

R-group interactions

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