Kinesiology Module II and III

True or False. Muscles work together in synergy for function, rather than as a single muscle performing a single actions

True or False. Muscles work together in synergy for function, rather than as a single muscle performing a single actions

True

Bony alignment and muscle synergies allow for

Extensive range of motion to reach and manipulate objects along with coordinated and controlled movements

What joints make up the shoulder complex?

Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Scapulothoracic joint Glenohumeral joint

What joints make up the Elbow and Forearm?

• Humeral ulnar joint

• Proximal radio-ulnar joint

• Distal radio-ulnar joint

What joint is associated with the wrist?

Radiocarpal joint

What joints are associated with the hand?

Carpometacarpal joints Interphalangeal joints

The scapula is deviated ____ degrees from the frontal plane.

About 35

The "scapular plane" is defined as what?

The resting spot of the scapula.

How many degrees posterior is the clavicle to the frontal plane?

20 degrees

How many degrees of retroversion does the humerus have?

30 degrees

What is the joint that attaches the axial and appendicular skeletons of the upper body?

Sternoclavicular joint

Ligament structures give what type of stabilization?

Passive

Muscles give what type of stabilization?

Active

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Planar joint

True or False: you don't name the arthrokinematics for the AC joint due to the shapes of the bones.

True

The angle of inclination of the humerus does what?

Orients the humeral head in the right plane

True or False: Gravity does not play a role in keeping the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.

False, gravity does play a role in keeping the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.

What joint is not a true joint?

scapulothoracic joint

What is the scapulothoracic joint considered to be?

A point of contact between the scapula and thorax that is separated by muscles

The average resting posture of the scapula

• 10 degrees of anterior tilt

• 5-10 degrees of upward rotation

• 35 degrees of internal rotation All together this is known as the scapular plane

Why is the resting posture of the scapula deviated from the frontal plane?

So it is able to fit around the ribs.

What is normal cubital valgus values?

13 plus or minus 6 degrees

Anything excessive of normal cubital valgus values is considered

Excessive cubital valgus

Little to no angle in the elbow is considered

Varus

Excessive valgus is sometimes referred to as

Gun Stock Deformity

Which deviation has more movement?

Ulnar Deviation

What is the ulnar tilt in the radiocarpal joint?

25 degrees upward tilt towards ulna

What is the palmar tilt in the radiocarpal joint?

10 degrees upward tilt towards palm

Is there more movement in flexion or extension of the radiocarpal joint?

Flexion

Changes in typical tilts will affect ______ of the wrist and hand muscles.

the length-tension relationships

The opening within above carpal bones for muscle attachments and nerves of the hand.

Carpal Tunnel

What features create the carpal tunnel?

Transverse carpal ligament and proximal transverse arch

What arch is found along the 3rd ray of the hand, where the distal end is very mobile and the proximal end is very stable?

Longitudinal arch

What arch is found at the MCP joints with mobile sides? This joint is also described as a keystone.

Distal transverse arch

What arch is found along the distal row of carpal bones and has a static rigid arch that forms the carpal tunnel?

Proximal Transverse arch

What are the osteokinematics of the SC joint?

• Elevation/Depression

• Protraction/retraction

• Posterior Rotation

How many total degrees of freedom does the SC joint have?

6

What are the osteokinematics of the AC joint?

• Upward/Downward rotation of the scapula (frontal)

• Anterior/Posterior Tilt of the scapula (sagittal)

• Internal/External rotation of scapula (transverse)

SC elevation + AC downward rotation =

Scapular Elevation

What motions of the AC and SC joints give scapular depression?

SC depression + AC upward rotation

SC protraction + AC internal rotation =

Scapular Protraction

SC retraction + AC external rotation

Scapular Retraction

SC elevation + AC upward rotation =

Scapular Upward Rotation

SC depression + AC downward rotation =

Scapular Downward Rotation

Name the planes of the glenohumeral joint

Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse

Name the motions at the glenohumeral joint

Flexion/Extension, Internal/External rotation, Ab/Adduction

What are the 6 kinematic principles of abduction to achieve full 180 degrees abduction of the upper extremity?

• 2:1 scapulohumeral rhythm

• 60° scapular upward rotation is a result of SC and AC joint motion

• Clavicle retracts at SC joint - Scapula posteriorly tilts and externally rotates

• Clavicle posteriorly rotates around its axis

• GH joint externally rotates

How much abduction could occur if scapulothoracic joint could not move?

120 degrees

What is the ratio of GH joint abduction to scapulothoracic upward rotation?

2:1 (ex. in 3 degrees of abduction, there is 2 from the GH joint and 1 from the ST)

How many total degrees of shoulder abduction are there?

180 degrees

The GH joint contributes how much to shoulder abduction?

120 degrees

Scapulothoracic upward rotation contributes how much to shoulder abduction?

60 degrees

Name the plane(s) and movements associated with the humero-ulnar joint

Sagittal. Flexion/Extension

What joint is responsible for pronation and supination?

Distal radioulnar joint

In supination

radius and ulna are parallel

In pronation

radius crosses over the ulna

True or False. Pronation and supination occurs at the elbow joint

False. Pronation and supination does NOT occur at the elbow joint

Name the movements at the radiocarpal joint

Flexion/Extension and Ulnar/Radial Deviation

What is the ROM for flexion and extension in the radiocarpal joint?

• Extension 60-75 degrees

• Flexion 70-85 degrees

What is the ROM for radial and ulnar deviation in the radiocarpal joint?

• Radial dev. 15-20 degrees

• Ulnar dev. 35-40 degrees

At the 1st carpometacarpal joint, ab/adduction occurs in the

Sagittal Plane

At the 1st carpometacarpal joint, flexion/extension occurs in the

Frontal Plane

What two osteokinematic motions combine to create opposition?

abduction and flexion (with medial rotation)

What are the arthrokinematics of the GH joint for open chain abduction?

Superior roll and inferior glide of humerus

What are the arthrokinematics of the GH joint for open chain adduction?

Inferior roll and superior glide of humerus

What are the arthrokinematics of the GH joint for open chain flexion?

Spin of the humerus on glenoid

What are the arthrokinematics of the GH joint for open chain extension?

Spin of the humerus on glenoid

What are the arthrokinematics of the GH joint for open chain internal rotation?

Anterior roll and posterior glide of humerus

What are the arthrokinematics of the GH joint for open chain external rotation?

Posterior roll and anterior glide of humerus

What are the arthrokinematics of the SC joint for open chain elevation?

Convex articular surface rolls superiorly and simultaneously slides inferiorly on the concavity of the sternum

What are the arthrokinematics of the SC joint for open chain retraction?

Concave articular surface of the clavicle rolls and slides posteriorly on the convex surface of the sternum

What are the arthrokinematics of the humero-ulnar joint for open chain flexion?

Anterior roll and glide of ulna

What are the arthrokinematics for distal radioulnar supination?

Dorsal roll and glide

What are the arthrokinematics for distal radioulnar pronation?

Palmar roll and glide

What are the arthrokinematics for radiocarpal open chain wrist extension?

Dorsal roll and palmar glide

What are the arthrokinematics for radiocarpal open chain wrist flexion?

Palmar roll and dorsal glide

What are the arthrokinematics for radial deviation?

radial roll and ulnar glide

What are the arthrokinematics for ulnar deviation?

ulnar roll and radial glide

In the 1st CMC, roll and glide are referred to as ____ for extension/flexion

Dorsal or palmar

In the 1st CMC, roll and glide are referred to as ____ for ab/adduction

anterior or posterior

What ligament has tension with adduction and inferior and anterior translation?

Superior GH ligament

What ligament has tension with 45-60 degrees of abduction with external rotation and anterior translation

Middle GH ligament

The superior GH ligament is located

Anterior to long head of biceps

The middle GH ligament blends with

capsule and subscapular tendon

What does the inferior GH ligament attach to?

labrum

What part of the Inferior GH ligament has tension with 90 degrees abduction and full external rotation? It is also a primary restraint for anterior translation.

Anterior band

What part of the Inferior GH ligament has tension with 90 degrees abduction and anteroposterior and inferior translation?

Axially pouch

What part of the Inferior GH ligament has tension with 90 degrees abduction and full internal rotation?

Posterior band

What is the primary restraint for anterior translation? This also happens to be the strongest and thickest part of the GH capsule.

Anterior band of inferior GH ligament

Describe the labrum

It is a fibrocartilaginous ring that surrounds the glenoid and deepens the socket for the humeral head for better stability

Passive restraint of the GH joint is provided by

Glenoid labrum and the long heads of the biceps tendon

Because of the anatomical position of the long head of biceps....

it will provide stability, limit anterior translation, and superior migration of the humeral head.

What provides active stabilization of the GH joint?

Muscles of the rotator cuff

The downward force on the humeral head counteracts

excessive superior translation, especially caused by the deltoid

True or False. The anterior fiber bundle of the MCL is the strongest and stiffest of the elbow and forearm ligaments

True

The MCL fibers

Stabilize against valgus producing force/valgus torque and resist some longitudinal distraction.

The anterior part of the MCL

is best at resisting valgus. it also resists during all flexion and extension ROM

The posterior part of the MCL

Resists valgus and extreme elbow flexion

The transverse part of the MCL

Provides limited stability of the joint

The LCL fibers

have greater variability in form than the MCL and resist varus-producing forces