OTA 111 Module 1

Explain the concave-convex rule.

The relationship b/w arthrokinematics and osteokinematics of a given movement from the shape. Can be learned by the observation of the joint surface of moving bone (arthrokinematics) and the distal/opposite end of the moving bone (osteokinematics)

What does the concave joint surfaces do?

Glides in same direction as distal end of same bony segment

What does the convex joint surfaces do?

Glides in opposite movement with the end of same bony segment.

What does it mean for a joint to be congruent? Close-packed

Maximum contact of joint surfaces

What does it mean for a joint to be in a resting postion or open/loose packed?

Maximum incogruence of the joint surfaces, supporting capsule and ligaments are lax.

What are the steps to perform a conceptual motion analysis?

1. Name joint surfaces and identify which is convex and which is concave.
2. Identify the more movable bony segment.
3. Identify if motion is convex-on-concave or concave-on-convex
4. Determine if more movable joint surface will glide in same or opposite direction as the rest of the bone.

What is joint play?

Passive movement of one articular surface over another. Involuntary movement, to correctly demonstrate relaxed muscles and external force of trained practitioner.

What is biomechanics?

Mechanical principles that relate directly to human body

What is Kinetics?

Forces causing movement

What are Kinematics?

Time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system.

What is linear motion/translatory motion?

Point A or Point B, straight line.

What is curvilinear motion?

Curved not necessary circular path

What is angular motion?

Moves in same angle, same direction in sync. But not same distance.

What is osteokinematics?

Relationship of joint axis of bones moving around it.

What does the skeletal system do?

Gives bodies shape, allows muscle attachments for movements, and protects internal organs.

What is cancellous bone?

Spongy and porous inside portion made of thin columns and plates containing Trabeculae

What does trabeculae do?

Make the bone lighter and is filled with marrow

What are pressure epiphysis?

End of long bones, that get pressure from opposing bone making up that joint.

What is endosteum?

Membrane lining medullary canal

What is the metaphysis in long bones?

Flared part of bone that is transition from the end of each diaphysis to each epiphysis.

What is periosteum?

Thin fibrous membrane covering all of bone expect the hyaline cartilage covered articular surfaces.

What is osteoporosis?

Loss of bone mass or normal bone density

What is Osteomyelitis?

Bacteria caused infection of the bone.

What is Legg-Clave-Perthes diesase?

Blood supply interrupted to the femoral head, resulting in pressure epiphysis necrosis.

What is a slipped capital femoral epiphysis?

Head of femur displaced from separation at growth plate.

What are fibrous joints?

Thin layer of fibrous periosteum between two joints.

How many bones are in the body total?

206

What are synarthrodial joints?

Immovable separated by fibrous tissue. Ex: Skull

What are amphiarthrodial/cartilaginous joints?

Limited movement allowed

What is a diarthrodial/synovial joints?

articulations where most movement takes place and these are the most common joints in the body.

What is flexion?

Decreasing the angle between two bones

Cartilage is?

Dense connective tissue that can withstand large amounts of tension and pressure.

What is extension?

Increasing the angle between two bones

What is dorsiflexion?

Moving the top of the foot toward the shin (only at the ankle)

What is Plantarflexion?

moving the sole of the foot downward (pointing the toes)

What is adduction?

Motion toward the midline

What is Abduction?

Motion away from the midline of the body

What is Elevation?

Moving to a superior position (only at the scapula)

What is depression?

Moving to an inferior position (only at the scapula)

What is Inversion?

Lifting the medial border of the foot

What Eversion?

Lifting the lateral border of the foot

What is Rotation?

Internal (inward) or external (outward) turning about the vertical axis of the bone

What is pronation?

Rotating the hand and wrist medially from the bone

What is Horizontal Flexion (adduction)?

From the 90-degree abducted arm position, the humerus is flexed (adducted) in toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane

What is Horizontal Extension (abduction)?

Return of the humerus from horizontal flexion

What is one degree of freedom? (Elbow or knee)

Hinge Joints

What are two degrees of freedom? (Carpometacarpal Joints)

Saddle Joints

What are three degrees of freedom? (Hip and shoulder)

Ball and Socket

More degrees of joint freedom?

More mobility and less stability.

Less degrees of joint freedom?

Less mobility and more stability

WNL means?

Within normal limits.

WFL means?

Within functional limitation

What are contraindications? (Avoid movement)

Conditions like Myositis ossificans or ecotopic ossification that cause soft tissue ossification and extreme pain. Joint instability. Post operative conditions. Acute soft tissues injuries or fracture.

What are the factors that affect movement?

Biomechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology

What can damage to the central nervous do?

Results paralysis

What can damage to the peripherial nervous system?

Loss of movement

What is the primary Frame of Reference used in Kinesiology and how is it applied?

Biomechanical FOR, A tool to describe musculoskeletal problems and progress. Ability to prescribe and design exercises/activities that restore function as well as adaptive equipment. And provides a means to evaluate movement within the context of activity.

What parts of the OTPF are specific to Kinesiology?

Client Factors: Body Functions and Body Structures

What is a goniometer?

Protractor device that measure movement in terms of degrees.

What is the purpose of a goniometer?

ROM measurement

What is compensatory movement?

Observations of clients movement or measuring ROM regarding to typical or symmetrical movement.

What are the considerations when measuring ROM?

Conditions that cause bone weakness. Limited certain movements, post operative considerations, medications that are muscle relaxers or heavy pain meds, pain/active inflammation, hypermobility of joint, and healed recently.

What is Hyaline/articular Cartilage?

Covers the ends of opposing bones within a synovial joint.

What is fibrocartilage?

Shock absorber and is present in synovial and cartilaginous joints.

What is capsule?

Surrounds synovial joints and protects articular surfaces of the bones.

What is the synovial membrane?

Thick, vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid

What is synovial fluid?

Thick, clear fluid that lubricates articular cartilage, creates

What is meniscus

Bulid up of semilunar-shaped cartilage on surface of the tibia.

What are intervertebral disks capable of?

Abosorbing large amounts of shock transmitted upward from weight-bearing forces.

What is labrum?

Shoulder fibrocartilage

What is elastic cartilage?

Maintains structure’s shape

Tendon=

Muscle to bone connections

What are aponeurosis?

Broad, flat tendinous sheets attached to bone that are connected to linea alba

What are bursae?

small padlike sacs in areas of excessive friction.

What are the two types of bursae?

Natural and Acquired

What is subluxation?

Partial dislocation of a joint

What is the capsular pattern of a joint?

Capsular tightness resulting in loss of ROM

What is an end feel?

Resistance from a joint at end of its passive ROM with slight over pressure

What is a soft end feel? Soft tissue approx

Compression of muscle tissue

What is a firm end feel?

A slight give with muscle tension in surrounding ligaments, most common

What is a hard end feel?

Hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on overpressure. Bony end deel

What are the types of normal end feel?

Soft, firm, and hard ends

What are the types of abnormal end feel?

Boggy, Muscle Spasm, Empty, and Springy block

What is an empty end feel?

Movement that produces considerable pain

What is springy block?

Rebound movement is felt at end of ROM

What is arthrokinematic motion?

Manner in with adjoining joint surfaces

What are component movements?

Small arthrokinematic joint motions that accompany active osteokinematic motion

What is joint play?

Arthrokinematic movement that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates passive motion at the joint.

What is joint mobilization?

Technique that applies external force to a patient’s joint to generate passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch b/w joint surfaces. Restore mobility or decrease pain originating from joint structures

What is high velocity, low amplitude (HVLA) thrust manipulation?

Movement of joint at a high speed from a slight and calculated range that is just past where the joint play ends.

Traction Forces?

Joint distraction, pull away joint surfaces from each other.

Compression forces?

Joint approximation, joint surfaces pushed closer together

Shearing forces?

Gliding motion, joint surfaces parallel to each other.

Bending forces?

Compression on one side & Traction force on other

Ovoid Joint?

Two joints forming a convex-concave relationship. Most synovial

Musculoskeletal Anatomy

this refers to the bones and muscles. Integrity of bone and muscles is required for movement and damage to this system will result in loss of movement. For example, if you were to tear a muscle or break a bone you would have a loss of movement.

Neuromuscular Physiology

the neuromusclar system is muscle action based on information that the muscle receives from the nervous system – both the central nervous system and the peripherial nervous system. Damage to the central nervous system, as with a stroke, results in paralysis. Likewise, damage to the peripherial nerve, such as the median nerve, results in loss of movement.

Biomechanical anatomy

 the action of forces, both internal and external, that affect human movement. We will learn that mechanical laws can be applied to human movement.

Synarthrodial joints

 immovable and the suture joints of the skull are an example of this type of joint. These joints are separated by fibrous tissue. Although these joints are not moveable they have some flexibility in them in the young child to allow for growth.       

Amphiartrodial joints

allow for limited movement. These are also called cartilaginous joints and while they allow for more movement than the synarthrodial joints they do not allow for movement as do the synovial joints. These joints are connected by cartilage. Examples are the pubic symphysis, the joints between the ribs and the sternum and the cartilaginous region between adjacent vertebrae.