final exam study guide - 9th honors lit./comp

simile

\
comparison using like or as

metaphor

direct comparison using is/was or are/were

allusion

reference to literary text, person, place, event or another work of literature

theme

the main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary or indirectly

theme statement

a description of the central idea conveyed in a literary work

author’s purpose

reason for or intent in writing

tone/attitude

refers to the mood implied by an author's word choice and the way that the text can make a reader feel

consonance

repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning, middle, or end of two or more words in a line of poetry

onomatopoeia

words that imitates sound

point of view

the way that someone views or thinks about something (first person, second person, third person omniscient, third person limited)

perspective

the narrator’s outlook or view on the story’s events, characters, and the world

main or central idea

the main point the author is making

text structure

the way the author organizes information in a text (description, order & sequence, cause & effect, compare & contrast, and problem & solution)

context clues

hints in the text that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words

inferences

an idea or conclusion that is drawn from evidence and reasoning

summary

a brief statement of the main points

repetition

the action of repeating something that has already been said or written

personification

giving human qualities or actions to non-human things

vivid/sensory imagery

uses sensory details to enhance their descriptions

symbol/symbolism

used to convey the meaning of larger and more abstract concepts

foreshadowing

drops hints of what may happen in the future

assonance

repetition of the sound of a vowels

alliteration

repetition of consonant sounds

narrator

someone who recounts the events of a novel or narrative 

transitions - words and phrases

lead the reader from one idea to another, connect thoughts between sentences, introduce examples, and connect paragraphs

parallelism / parallel structure

the use of sentence construction that are the same or similar in terms of grammatical form. ex: I will follow you *anywhere*, *any time*, for *any reason*.

connotation - negative, positive

negative connotation: a word with a bad association: ex. cheap.

positive connotation: a word with a positive connotation: ex. frugal

irony - situational, dramatic, verbal

whenever a person says something or does something that departs from what they (or we) expect them to say or do.

* situational: an event that mocks the circumstances
* dramatic: a secret only the audience knows
* verbal: sarcasm

parts of an essay and chunk writing format

introduction paragraph with a hook, background context/info and thesis statement

* **topic sentences** - provide an insight or opinion (expository writing), make a claim/argument (persuasive writing, literary analysis), or hook the reader’s interest (creative writing)
* **concrete details/quotations** - provide facts that prove the topic sentence
* **commentary/analysis** - write how the concrete detail proves the topic sentence
* **conclusion sentence** - tie the paragraph together without repeating the topic sentence
* **conclusion paragraph** - conclude the essay together without repeating the topic sentence. rewrite the topic sentence to fit a concluding statement

ventriloquist

someone who can speak or utter sounds so it seems that it comes from someone else

salient

most noticeable or important

bewildered

perplexed and confused; very puzzled

agile

able to move quickly and easily

sensationalized

present information about something in a way that provokes public interest and excitement, at the expense of accuracy

apocryphal

a story or statement of doubtful authenticity, although widely accepted circulated as being true

meager

lacking in quantity or quality

blundering

making or characterized by stupid or careless mistakes; clumsy

extrapolated

extend the application of a method or conclusion, to an unknown situation by assuming that existing trends will continue or similar methods will be applicable

blood-curdling

causing terror or horror