Bio 2 Exam 3 - Organization of Animal Bodies

Internal Organization of Animals

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Tissues

an association of many cells that have similar structure and function, working together to perform specific tasks.

Types of Tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial Tissues

Sheets of densely packed cells that cover the body or enclose organs and line the walls of body cavities and organs

Epithelial

Specialize to protect and to secrete/absorb ions and organic molecules

Epithelial Tissues

Cells that have a variety of shapes: cuboidal, squamous, and columnar; Arranged to form different types of tissue

Simple Epithelial Tissue

one layer cell structure

Stratified Epithelial

multiply layer cell structure

Pseudostratified

one layer, but appears to be stratified

Simple Squamous

single layer of flat cells

Simple Cuboidal

simple layer of square cells

simple columnar

single layer rectangle cells

Pseudostratified Columnar

1 cell thick with all at basement membrane

Stratified Squamous

multi-layered flattened cells

Transitional Tissue

Stretchable tissue - may be involved in secretion/absorption and protection

Connective Tissue

connect, surround, anchor, bind, transport, and supports; form extracellular matrix around the cells; mechanical strength

Types of Connective Tissues

Blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose, dense

Blood Connective Tissue

transports and protects - connective tissue

Adipose

fat insulation, energy, support, and protection - connective tissue

Bone and Cartilage Connective Tissue

Support and flexibility - connective tissue

Loose Connective tissue

holds internal organs in place

Dense Connective Tissue

Reinforces strength and support across the body - connective tissue

Muscle Tissue

cells specialized to contract, generating mechanical force

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, smooth, and Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle

attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, elongate fibers; voluntary control

Smooth Muscle

surrounds tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, flattened cells; involuntary control

Cardiac Muscle

only in the heart, elongate fibers; involuntary control

Nervous Tissue

Complex networks of neurons(nerve cells) as well as other cells

Nervous Tissue

initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal’s body to another; other cells provide sup

Electrical signals produced by neurons in nervous tissue may stimulate…

muscle cells to contract and glandular cells to release chemicals

Neuroglial cells

the support part of nervous tissue; provide metabolic support, maintenance, ion balance, and cleaning for the neurons; more numerous than neurons

Organs

Composed of two or more kinds of tissues that may form sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, or strips to make this structure

Organ System

different organs work together to perform an overall function; they frequently work together

Homeostasis

process of adjusting to the external environment and maintaining a stable internal environment

Vertebrate Integument and Derivatives

Functions: protects from abrasion, uv, and against water loss; barrier to disease causing pathogens; temperature regulation; contains sensory receptors (touch); limited excretion

Vertebrates Integument

The skin and other accessories

Skin

Largest organ of vertebrates and consists of 2 layers: Epidermis (outer) and Dermis (inner)

Epidermis

Thinner, outer layer of the skin made up of stratified squamous epithelium,

How does nutrients diffuse through the skin?