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advisory system
the group of aides and experts who help the president makes decisions
bully pulpit
the president’s ability to influence public opinion by speaking out
codetermination
when Congress and the president share authority in foreign policy
collegial model
a teamwork-based decision style where advisers collaborate and discuss options together
competitive model
a style where advisers compete to influence the president with different views
executive agreements
international agreements made by the president without Senate approval
formalistic model
a hierarchical decision system with clear rules and gatekeepers controlling access to the president
management style
how the president organizes people, information, and decision-making
multiple advocacy
including many diverse viewpoints to avoid bias and improve decision quality
prerogative powers
extra powers presidents may use during emergencies for national security
saber rattling
threatening military force to send a political message
stewardship theory
belief that the president can do anything in foreign policy and not forbidden by the Constitution
two presidencies
theory that president has more freedom in foreign policy than domestic policy
zone of twilight
gray area where it’s unclear whether the president or Congress has authority