Chapter 4: Presidential Power

advisory system

the group of aides and experts who help the president makes decisions

bully pulpit

the president’s ability to influence public opinion by speaking out

codetermination

when Congress and the president share authority in foreign policy

collegial model

a teamwork-based decision style where advisers collaborate and discuss options together

competitive model

a style where advisers compete to influence the president with different views

executive agreements

international agreements made by the president without Senate approval

formalistic model

a hierarchical decision system with clear rules and gatekeepers controlling access to the president

management style

how the president organizes people, information, and decision-making

multiple advocacy

including many diverse viewpoints to avoid bias and improve decision quality

prerogative powers

extra powers presidents may use during emergencies for national security

saber rattling

threatening military force to send a political message

stewardship theory

belief that the president can do anything in foreign policy and not forbidden by the Constitution

two presidencies

theory that president has more freedom in foreign policy than domestic policy

zone of twilight

gray area where it’s unclear whether the president or Congress has authority