world history final

Glorious Revolution

the overthrow of King James II of England

William and Mary of Orange

Dutch royalty who were "invited" by the English to take over England during what was called "The Glorious Revolution"

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Louis XIV

He was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Meeting of the Estates General

meeting that opened at Versailles on May 5, 1789 to discuss political and economic reforms; $$$ cash problems, need of taxes, each estate had 1 vote, third estate wanted each deputy to have a vote

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Storming of Bastille

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Maximilien Robespierre

Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleonic Code

A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon

Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule

Jose San Martin

Helped Argentina, Chile and Peru win freedom from Spain with rebellions in southern South America

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Gurrilla

Kind of warfare;

a form of highly political warfare built around lightly armed citizens who oppose a government and use hit and run tactic and political work to take power

Cultral Revolution

a movement that Mao Zedong began in China in1966 in another attempt to remove oppostion to Communist Party

McArthur

leader of U.S forces in Korea. wanted to extend the war in china with nuclear weapons. Gets fired by Truman.

Iron Curtain

a "curtain" split between the democratic nations and communist nations

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

38th Parallel

Dividing line between North and South Korea

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Vietcong

A group of Communist guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Tet Offensive

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles being in Cuba.

War Powers Act

1973. A act of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

A U.S. agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Arms Race

a competition between nations for superiority in the development and accumulation of weapons, especially between the US and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb)

1,000 times more powerful as an atomic bomb; First tested in 1952 by the U.S.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Krushchev

Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the construction of the Berlin Wall

Mutually Assured Destruction

(MAD) if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Part of the policy of detente, attempted to reduce the weapons each country contains

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms including glasnost & perestrokia (born in 1931)

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market-based economy and society

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of the West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Israel/Palestine Conflict

the ongoing dispute between the Jewish and Arab populations in the former Ottoman Empire region of Palestine

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

a group formed in the 1960s to regain the Arab land in Israel for Palestinian Arabs

Intifada

an uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000

Ghandi

leader of Indian National Congress, used non-violent protest to help gain Indian Independence

nonviolent resistance

to confront injustice and violence with love, using only nonviolent strategies in working for justice and peace

Civil Disobedience

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.

Indian National Congress

Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist Chinese leader

Long March

A 6,000-mile journey made in 1934-1935 by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist forces

Great Leap Forward

Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.

Cultrual Revolution

Mao's attempted to strengthen communism. He had the red guard which were students that help protect Mao's teaching. they reinforced his teaching and anyone that doesn't carry the red book with them at all times were severely punished. The Red Gaurds were ruthless to anyone that has creative thinking. They killed teachers and professors.

Little Red Book

A book circulated throughout China during the reign of Mao Zedong, which contained his political philosophy for China. It was required reading in all schools.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Anti-Apartheid Movement

A general name for the international movement to oppose white minority rule in South Africa

Nelson Mandela

South African statesman who was released from prison to become the nation's first democratically elected president in 1994 (born in 1918)

Pan-Africanism

the unity of all black Africans, regardless of national boundaries

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Propoganda

Information from the government to sway the public's opinion. America used this method to try to encourage people to go to war and step up and help. Posters, signs, banners, and TV commercials were made to help this.

satalite state

independent nation under the control of a more powerful nation

Al Qaeda

a radical Islamic group organized by Osama bin Laden in the 1990s to engage in terrorist activities.

Isis

A terrorist group trying to seize territory in Iraq and Syria through extreme acts of terrorism

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

9/11 Attacks

the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts

Domestic Terrorism

acts of terrorism that take place on U.S. soil without direct foreign involvement

Oaklahoma City Bombing

bomb attack in 1995 which was the most destructive terrorist attack until 9/11; caused gov to passed laws concerning more protection around federal buildings

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

European Union (EU)

the world's largest common market, composed of 28 European nations

Invasion of Poland

Germany invaded, breaking their agreement, so Britain and France declared war, starting World War II

Battle of Dunkirk

the battle on northern french coast in which germany defeated france and britain who retreated across the english channel

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Peral Harbor

U.S. Naval base attacked by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Doglas MacArthur

The general who led Allied troops in battles on the islands of Bataan, Leyte, and Iwo Jima was

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Atomic Bomb

a type of bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Genocide

systematic killing of a racial or cultural group

Ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.