Biology Chapter 30

What is the relationship between bryophytes and gametophytes?

Dominant

What is the relationship between sporophytes and bryophytes?

Dependent

What is the relationship between seedless vascular plants and gametophytes?

Independent, small

What is the relationship between seedless vascular plants and gametophyte?

Independent, small

What is the relationship between seedless vascular plants and sporophyte?

Dominant

What is the relationship between seeded vascular plants and gametophytes?

Dependent, microscopic

What is the relationship between seeded vascular plants and sporophytes?

Dominant

What do (most) seedless plants have?

Homospores

All seeded plants have?

Heterospores

What are homospores?

One type of spore

What are heterospores?

Two kinds of spores

What are megaspores?

Female gametophytes - eggs

What are microspores?

Male gametophytes- sperm

What is the ovule?

Where eggs are made, protects embryo, develop into seeds

What is integument?

Protective outside layer that turns into the seeds coat

What is pollen?

Male gametophyte that makes sperm

How does pollen let sperm travel to egg?

By making a tube for sperm to go through to get to egg, no need for flagellated sperm

What is a seed?

Plant embryo, nutrients, and the coating for protection

What are the evolutionary advantages of seeds?

Allows built in food supply, extra protection and is great for dispersal (spreading)

What are the two groups of seeded vascular plants?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

What are gymnosperms?

Naked seed plants (not enclosed)

What is the sporophylls?

The leaves that seeds are on, usually in forms of a cone

Where do male cones pollen travel to?

To the female cones with ovules by wing

What are the four major groups of gymnosperms?

1. Conifers

2. Gingkos

3. Cycads

4. Gnetophytes

Describe conifers:

Many are evergreens, always doing photosynthesis and are well adapted to the cold

Describe gingkos:

One species left, eat seeds to improve memory

Describe cycads:

Palmlike leaves, big cones, toxic seeds

Describe gnetophytes:

Varies species based on DNA, has special leaf around ovule to catch pollen

What are two key adaptations of angiosperms?

Flowers and fruits

What is the role of a flower?

Sexual reproduction and attracts pollinators

What is the role of fruit?

Develops around seeds from the ovary, helps dispersal

What is the stamen?

The male reproductive part of a flower

What is the carpel?

Female part of the flower

What is double fertilization?

A process leading to seed formation in Angiosperms

What is the first step of double fertilization?

Pollen lands on tope of the carpel

What is the second step of double fertlization?

Pollen makes a tube and releases 2 sperm into the ovary

What is the third step of double fertilization?

Egg and polar nuclei are placed in ovary

What is polar nuclei?

Left over cells from making egg

What is the fourth step of double fertilization?

One sperm fertilizes the egg - embryo

What is the fifth step of double fertlization?

Second sperm will fuse with 2 polar nuclei - endosperm

What is the sixth step of double fertilization?

Embryo and endosperm make a seed and the ovary turns into a fruit around the seeds

What are the four main groups of angiosperms?

1. Basal angiosperms

2. Magnoliids

3. Monocot

4. Eudicots

What are both basal angiosperms and magnoliids?

Dicots

What are basal angiosperms?

Oldest of angiosperms

What are magnoliids?

Magnolias

What do monocots have?

One cotyledon (seed leaf)

What are eudicots?

Dicots with two cotyledons (seed leaf) majority of angiosperms

What is B. yuwanesis?

A parasite that feeds on plant roots

What do rabbits eat?

Fruit (angiosperms)

What type of relationship does B. yuwanesis with Amani rabbits?

Mutual relationship?

What happens when rabbits poop our seeds by roots of trees?

Area becomes a perfect place B. yuwanesis