AP Bio Semester 1 Vocab - CS

Claim

Answer to the guiding question

Prediction

If...then... statement that states what will happen if you do something (experiment)

Hypothesis

A type of model that aims to explain data from other observations and experiments

Positive control

An experimental control that gives the expected positive result to the experiment

Negative control

An experiential control that gives the expected negative result to the experiment

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in another substance

Solvent

A liquid substance that dissolved other substances

Null hypothesis

States that there is no significant difference between specified groups of data

Alternative hypothesis

States that there is a significant difference between specified groups of data

Standard Error

Indicates how different the population mean is likely to be from the sample mean

Bar graph

Graph used when there are distinct x categories

Line graph

Graph used when the x data is continuous

Chi-squared

Statistical analysis used to compare the observed experimental results with expected results

Degrees of freedom

Number of groups used in chi-squared minus one

Error bars

Graphical representation of the variability of data, used to determine if data points are significantly different

Polar

When electrons in a molecule are not equally distributed so the molecule has a partial positive end and a partial negative end

Nonpolar

When electrons in a molecule are equally distributed so the molecule does not have a partial positive or partial negative end

Hydrophobic

Does not mix with water because molecule is nonpolar

Hydrophilic

Mixes with water because molecule is polar or charged

High specific heat capacity

Requires a lot of energy to evaporate water because of strong hydrogen bonds between molecules

Surface tension

The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances

Capillary Action

The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials to pull water up a thin tube

Covalent bond

Chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons, found within water molecules and between monomers in macromolecules

Hydrogen bond

Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative oxygen atom between water molecules

Evaporative Cooling

When liquid is evaporated from skin taking the heat energy with it, cooling the skin left behind

Versatile Solvent

Water's ability to dissolve more solutes than any other solvent due to polarity

Organic molecule

A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Carbohydrate

Sugar molecules that are used for energy and sometimes structure

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Elements found in carbohydrates

Glycosidic bond

A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond in which a carbohydrate binds to another carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar, monomer of carbohydrates

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides, polymer of carbohydrates

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose

Glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

Cellulose

A substance (carbohydrate) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms, used for structure

Lipids

Fats that are used for energy storage, structure, and signaling

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus

Elements found in lipids

Saturated

Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens, consist of all single carbon to carbon bonds

Unsaturated

Fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains, consists of carbon to carbon double or triple bonds

Triglycerides

An energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid, used for energy storage

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail, used for structure in cell membranes

Steroids

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, used for structure and signaling

Amphipathic

Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

Nucleic acid

Used for storage, expression, and transfer of genetic material

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Elements found in nucleic acids

Nitrogenous base

Is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. IN RNA, adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

Purines

Bases with a double-ring structure including adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines

Bases with a single-ring structure including thymine and cytosine

DNA

Genetic material called deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded, contains thymine

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, single stranded, contains uracil

Protein

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is responsible for structure, signaling, catalyzing reactions, etc.

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Elements found in proteins

Amino acid

Monomer of proteins

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Another name for protein

Peptide bond

A covalent bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

R group

One of twenty different functional groups that define a particular amino acid and gives it special properties

Backbone

Contains a carboxyl group, central carbon, and an amino group, this is what connects amino acids to form a protein

Amino terminus

The free amino group (NH2) at one end of a polypeptide

Carboxyl terminus

The free carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end of a polypeptide

Disulfide bond

The covalent bond formed between the sulfur atoms of two different cysteines in a protein; stabilizing interaction

Primary structure

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Secondary structure

Localized folding in a protein commonly either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

Tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Denature

A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things), causes protein to no longer function properly

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Cells that contain membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus, mitochondria, etc.

Animal cell

Eukaryotic cell containing membrane-bound organelles without a cell wall or chloroplasts

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell containing membrane-bound organelles in addition to a cell wall and chloroplasts

Bacteria cell

Type of prokaryotic cell that doesn't have membrane bound organelles, does not have a nucleus

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Cytoplasm/cytosol

Cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur. Holds and cushions the organelles.

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles used to synthesize proteins

Rough ER

A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

Smooth ER

Organelle that creates lipids

Golgi apparatus

Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

Cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

Chloroplast

Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in eukaryotic cells in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Cell membrane

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell that controls transport of materials

Cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell in plant cells and prokaryotes

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Flagellum

A long, hair like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

Plasmodesmata

Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Compartmentalization

Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions at the same time

Endosymbiotic theory

A theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes

Organelles that have their own DNA

Mitochondria and chloroplast

Phospholipid bilayer

Plasma membrane layers (around entire cell and certain organelles) composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside.

Hydrophilic head

Polar portion of the phospholipid that faces outward in the phospholipid bilayer

Hydrophobic tail

Nonpolar portion of the phospholipid that faces inward in the phospholipid bilayer

Integral proteins

Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

Peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer but instead are on the surface