BIOLOGY EXAM 1

What is descent with modification essentially?

How many broad observations did Charles Darwin have?

What are they?

Darwin proposed that existing species are…; who were different

Evolution

3

Animals perfectly suited for environment, share many characteristics with other species, & unique

Descendants of ancestral species; from present-day relatives

Evolution refers to the process by which species accumulate…

Then it was able to be measured as a change in…

Prevailing ideas of Darwin’s time were from…; Who claimed that…

a concept by which…

Consistent with…; name of concept

Differences from ancestors as they adapt to different environments

genetic composition of populations from generation to generation

Aristotle; All life on Earth was fixed

Perfect organisms could be placed from least to most complex

Bible where God created infinite life forms; Scala Naturae

Patterns of evolution is the raw…

To study these patterns, scientists draw on…; example is…

Process of evolution is mechanics of evolution that…

Includes…

These processes act upon…

Material for change observable in natural world

Knowledge from biology, chemistry & geology; fossil record

produce an observed change from one species to next

Natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

The patterns to produce change

Darwin’s early thinking was influenced by who?

These men were actively attempting to prove what?

George Cuvier founded…; which was the …

Discovered while examining strata that …

He believed that strata represented…

Hutton, Malthus, & Lamarck

Gradualism, population dynamics, & create hypotheses on evolution

Paleontology; study of fossils

The older the strata, the more dissimilar fossils he observed

Catastrophic events such as a massive flood

Hutton proposed that Earth’s features could be explained by…

Which is when …

Example of this…

Concept that slow & graduate changes led to larger changes …

Malthus had the idea of populations…

Gradualism

Changes occur through gradual increments

Faults coming together & gradually forcing plates to form mountains

Influenced Darwin to think this could influence biological organisms

Outstripping their food supply, leading to struggle for existence

Lamarck believed that life…

His 1st hypothesis was…; where body parts…

2nd hypothesis was…; which explained an organism could pass…

This is wrong because of…; we know traits acquired by use during …

Changed along with its environment during their lifetime

Use & disuse; would grow or depreciate w/ use or lack thereof

Inheritance of acquired characteristics; modifications to offspring

Genetics; individual’s life are not inherited this way but by genes

Darwin went to Galápagos Islands where he observed a new …

He concluded that these species emerged after a,,,

He observed …; saw that each possessed traits that were…

Led Darwin to hypothesize that gradual changes over….

Yrs later, biologists have confirmed these adaptations are a …

species similar to known species but had adapted to life on islands

Common ancestor strayed from continent onto an island

Finches; suited to their environment

Evolutionary time resulted in emergence of new species w/ distinct adaptations

Result of heritable traits being passed from one generation to next

Natural selection is a process in which individuals w/…

Alternatively, traits that …

How did darwin use concept of artificial selection to help frame this?

How many observations did he make about this?

certain inherited traits tend to survive & reproduce at higher rates

Hinder individual’s success will be eliminated

Humans selectively breed plants, livestock, & pets & decide which traits are beneficial so there’s typically no natural selection pressure

2

Darwin’s first observation is that …

Which infers that traits giving an individual …

Darwin’s second observation is many species can produce…

Which infers that this unequal ability of individuals to survive…

#of key features that result in organisms adaptations to environment?

Members of a population often vary in inherited traits

fitness (ability to survive & reproduce) will be passed on

More offspring than the environment can support so many won’t survive

Will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in a population

3

Individuals with certain heritable traits …

Natural selection increases the …

If environment changes, natural selection may …

Although natural selection occurs through…

Individuals do not…

Name the 4 types of data that document pattern of evolution

survive & reproduce at higher rate than other individuals

Frequency of adaptations that are favorable in an environment

Drive adaptation to new conditions giving rise to new species

interactions between individual organisms and their environment

Evolve, populations do

Direct observation, homology, fossil record, biogeography

Direct observation highlights that natural selection is not…

Individuals w/ heritable traits/genes which result from mutation are…

Natural selection depends on ..; & what is beneficial in …

1st example of direct observation

2nd example of direct observation

A creative process

Selected for while individuals that are ill-adapted are selected against

Time & place; generation may not be in the future

Natural selection in response to introduced species

Evolution of drug-resistant bacteria

Soapberry bugs in southern Florida use …

In central Florida, golden rain tree, replaces balloon plants & has…

Researches measured soapberry bugs beak lengths 35 yrs after…

In southern Florida, bugs have…; in central, they have…

long beak to feed on seeds embedded in balloon plant

Seeds closer to surface so they have shorter beaks

Intro of golden rain tree

Long beaks from eating balloon vines; shorter beaks after eating golden

baterium staphylococcus aureus occurs on…

1943, penicillin became 1st…

Penicillin resistant …

New antibiotic, methicillin, was introduced but then…

Next up, homology which includes…

skin or nasal passages of about 1 in 3 people

Widely used antibiotic to treat bacterial infections

Evolved in S.aureus by 1945

Methicillin resistance evolved in s.aureus by 1961

Homologous structures, comparative embryology, vestigial structures

Homologous structures are anatomical structures that are…

Examples include forearms in…

Comparative embryology is anatomical similarities during development.

Example is all vertebrate embryos have a…; arches develop into…

Vestigial structures where whales & snakes evolved from legged …

Remarkably similar which result from a common ancestor

mammals which are same arrangement of bones but have diff functions

Not visible in adult organisms

Post-anal tail & pharyngeal arch; structures w/ diff functions in adults

ancestor & still have remnant pelvic bones w/ no anatomical function in these animals; known as left over structures

Fossil record provides evidence of…; origin of…; & changes within…

Fossils can document …; such as transition from…

Biogeography is the study of…; as Pangaea split apart, species…

extinction of species; new groups; groups over time

Important transitions; land to sea in ancestors of cetaceans

Geographic distribution of organisms; diverged into distinct species

evolutionary trees are diagrams that reflect…

Homologies form…; characteristics shared by species may…

Homology that evolved more recently are shared only within…

Example is all tetrapods have…; reptiles have an…; mammals produce…

Hypotheses about the relationship among groups

nested patterns on the tree; date to a deep ancestral past

Smaller groups

limbs w/ digits; amniotic egg; milk

Colloquial use of “theory” is what scientists refer to as…

In science, a theory accounts for ..

Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection integrates …

ongoing research by many scientists…

hypothesis

Many observations & data

Diverse areas of biological study & stimulates new research questions

Prove evolution is a fact

Microevolution is a change in…; it is evolution at its…

Things that define a population are…

Smallest unit of evolution is a…; evolution occurs over…; takes

name the 3 mechanisms that cause allele frequency change

allele frequencies in a population over generations; smallest scale

Same species, occupy same area, interbreed, produce fertile offspring

Population; evolutionary times; generations

Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

Below is what kind of event within a population?

Extreme drought in…; led to; how many survived …

Survivors had larger beak that…; beak length is an…

Example of …

Proportion of large-beak birds …; population…

Microevolutionary

Daphne Major Island; reduced food; 180/1200 birds

Allowed them to crack the bigger seeds available; inherited trait

Evolution by natural selection

Increased from one generation to the next; evolved, not the individual

Natural selection is adaptation to…; results in…; makes individuals…

Genetic drift is chance events that…

Gene flow is transfer of …; tends to…

environment; random, non adaptive change; better suit to environment

Alter allele frequencies

Alleles between populations; reduce genetic differences

Below is how…

Variability in heritable traits is the…; so genetic variation is a…

Gregor Mendel described…; genes are the molecular…

Genes can …; leading to…

Genetic variation arises

Foundation of evolution; prerequisite of evolution

Inheritance of traits in pea plants; units associated with traits

Mutate; leading to new versions of a gene or alleles

Genetic variation generates a …

Which allows some individuals to…

Without variation, there would be …

Evolution requires a variety of…; without it, all individuals would be…

Name the ways that genetic variation arises

pool of different alleles within a population

Have favorable inherited traits to survive & reproduce & some who dont

No differences in a population and so evolution wouldn’t occur

Traits to “select”; genetically identical & no traits could be favored

Mutations (micro), gene duplication (macro), other related processes/errors (macro)

Mutations (micro) are changes in a …

In multicellular organisms, only mutations happening in…

In animals, most mutations happen in…; in plants/fungi, multiple…

Example of mutations is…

nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA

Gametes gets passed on

Somatic cells & aren’t passed on; cell lines produce gametes

Point mutations

Point mutations occur when …

Example is …; where point mutation …

Results in …

Natural selection helps remove…; but many point mutations are …

Harmful alleles may be…; can stay…

single base pair is added, deleted, or changed in a gene

Sickle cell disease; GAG to GUG

altered hemoglobin structure in red blood cells

Harmful mutations; buffered in organisms bc of heterozygous protection

recessive; hidden from selection by more favorable dominant allele

Some mutations are …; many mutations at molecular level don’t…

Introns don’t…; variation in exons or…; rarely…

This is…; where most mutations will generate same

Or even if sequence changes, it …

non-coding; change phenotypic traits bc these changes occur in introns

Code for proteins; coding regions; change amino acid sequence

Redundancy; amino acid sequence

Won’t affect protein shape/function

Gene duplication (macro) is …; may be harmful by…

Some confer beneficial…

Example is ancestral …

Humans have about…

Altering gene number; altering genome and its function

Effects & play key role in evolution

Mammalian gene for detecting odors has been duplicated many times

380 functional olfactory receptor genes & mice about 1200

Other related processes/errors (macro) include…

Mutations are low in…; rates are lower in…

Sexual reproduction:much variation in pops that reproduce sexually is..

New combinations of existing alleles occur through 3 mechanisms…

Generation time & sexual reproduction

Many plants & animals; prokaryotes

A result of unique pairing of alleles that individual receives from parents

Crossing over, independent assortment, fertilization

crossing over is exchange of …

Independent assortment is random…

Fertilization is a random…

Genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Distribution of chromosomes into gametes during meiosis

Combination of gametes

chromosomes are threadlike…

Gene is a distinct sequence of…

Homologous chromsomes are chromosomes of the same…

Locus is a position…; allele are variants…

structures of nucleoid acids & proteins that carry genetic info as genes

Nucleotides forming a part of chromosome coding for a trait

Length & shape with genes in the same location

of a gene on a chromsome; of a gene that exist at same locus

molecular traits are often…; phenotypic traits are often…

Traits can reflect…; some traits are…

other traits are…; Meaning…

Some phenotypes are not…; for example..; as this phenotype isn’t…

Natural selection can only act on…

not visible between individuals; easily observed

Genetic variability among individuals; controlled by a single gene

Polygenic; they are controlled by more than one gene

Genetic; bodybuilders children wont be muscular; heritable or genetic

Variation with a genetic component

Hardy-Weinberg equation expresses principle known as…

Which states that the amount of genetic variation in a population will….

Equation is…; sum of allele frequencies for all alleles at locus must be..

P is; q is; p2 is

q2 is; 2pm is

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Remain constant from one generation to next in absence of evolution

P2+2pm+q2=1; 1 so p+q=1

Frequency of “A” allele; frequency of “a”; frequency of homozygous AA

Frequency of homozygous aa; frequency of heterozygous genotype

If allele frequencies (of p&q) aren’t changing from…

Then the population is…; genotype frequencies will…

Population that is not evolving is in…

Equation can be used to determine whether…; and % of population…

One generation to the next

Not evolving; will stay the same

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Population’s in hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; carrying specific allele

Hardy-Weinberg allows us to observe if…

Example is..; or a genetic disorder that prevent people from…

Recessive disorder so only impacts…

Hardy-Weinberg allows us to monitor this…; determine if there is…

Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg

genetic changes are occurring in human populations

Henylketonuria; breaking down phenylalanine leading to problems

Homozygous recessive individuals

Disease; a change in allele frequency

No mutations, random mating, natural selection, extremely large population size, & gene flow

No mutations: gene pool is modified if…

Random mating: if individuals mate within subset of populations near…

No natural selection: allele frequencies change when individuals with…

Extremely large population size: in small populations, allele frequencies

No gene flow: by moving alleles into or out of populations…

What are the mechanisms of microevolution?

mutations occur or if entire genes are deleted or duplicated

Neighbors then random mixing of gametes doesn’t occur & genotype frequencies change

Different genotypes show consistent differences in their survival

Fluctuate by chance over time (genetic drift)

Gene flow can alter allele frequencies

Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow

Consistent selection for an allele that enhances…

Example is

enhances survival and/or reproduction results in adaptive evolution

Extreme drought which led to reduced food & large, hard seeds became more common than small, soft seed so survivors of drought had larger beaks

Genetic drift is chance events that can lead to ..

More predominant in…

Reduces …

Includes how many types? Name them

fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Small populations

Genetic variation through random loss of allele

4;founder effect,bottleneck effect,hurting population,rescuing population

Founder effect occurs when few …

Allele frequencies in smaller founder populations are..

Genetic drift could occur if…

Example is …; where affected woman who had 10 children…

individuals become isolated from a larger population

different from those in parent population

few individuals are indiscriminately blown to new island by a storm

High Huntington’s disease; was among first to colonize the land

Bottleneck effect is …; that can drastically…

Surviving population may be decided by chance based on …

Resulting gene pool may no longer be…

sudden environmental catastrophes; reduce size of a population

those individuals that managed to pass through bottleneck

Reflective of original population’s gene pool

Hurting a population is when greater prairie chicken habitat…

By 1993, population …; surviving birds had…

Hypothesis is that loss of ..

Rescuing a population is when scientist extracted…

drastically reduced as they were converted to farmlands in 18,1900s

Declined to <1%; <50% hatching rates

Genetic variation lef to increase in frequency of harmful genes

DNA from 15 museum specimens

Consequences of genetic drift is that it can alter…

Can randomly change …; unlike…

Can lead to loss of …; which can have…

Can cause harmful…

small populations significantly

allele frequencies; unlike natural selection

Genetic variation; detrimental consequences in population

Alleles to become fixed in a population

Gene flow is movement of…; alleles can be transferred through…

Tends to reduce variation among …

Example is …; or…

Affects…

alleles among populations; movement of fertile individuals or gametes

populations over time as alleles are transferred between populations

Migratory populations; two populations sharing geographic distribution

Adaptation to local environments

Natural selection is not…; it consistently…

Favors the relative….

Interplay bt genotype & phenotype, where selection is…

Favors individual with …; in specific…

Natural selection can alter…; depending on which …

How many types of selection are there? Name them…

random; selects for alleles & traits that confer reproductive advantage

Fitness of individual

largely acting on phenotype that is genotypically representative

Heritable traits that enhance survival & reproduction; environment

Frequency distribution of heritable traits in 3 ways; phenotypes favored

3 types; directional selection, disruptive selection, & stabilizing selection

Directional selection occurs when conditions…; common when..

Example is…

Disruptive selection occurs when conditions…

Example is mice living in…

Stabilizing selection occurs when conditions…; reduces variation by…

Example is mice has…

favor extreme range of phenotype; environment changes or migration

Light color mice living in dark rocks will be selected against

Favor both extremes of a phenotype

Patchy habitat with light & dark rocks; intermediate more susceptible

Favor the intermediate phenotype; removing extreme variants

intermediate color, light & dark mice are selected against

Key role of natural selection in adaptive evolution makes it possible for..

But they are …; and a result of…

Natural selection is the only…; that consistently..; and ultimately…

Example is …; which allows them to…

Adaptations may arise …; some more…

bottleneck or genetic drift to have a new positive effect

Inconsistent; chance

Evolutionary mechanism; confers an advantage; adaptive evolution

Jaw of snakes; swallow prey much larger than their own head

Slowly over evolutionary time; apparent than others

Sexual selection: Darwin investigated idea that reproductive success…

Sexual selection can result in…

Which is a difference in…

How many types of sexual selection are there? Name them…

Was, in part, driven by traits that attracted mates

Sexual dimorphism

Secondary sexual characteristics, bt males & females of same species

2; intrasexual (within) selection & intersexual (between)

Intrasexual selection occurs…

Often…

Intersexual selection is also known as…; it is when individuals of…

Decisions are often made on the …

More often as a form of competition between members of the same sex

Males

mate choice; one sex (often females) choose their mate

Showiness of the male’s appearance & behavior

Intersexual selection includes the …

Which proposes that females …

Example is that female gray tree frogs prefer to …

Eggs fertilized with sperm from LC & SC males 2x, the resulting…

Conclusion is that offspring fathered by an LC male…

Good genes hypothesis

Select males w/ traits that are related to genetic quality or overall health

Mate with long-calling rather than short-calling males

Offspring were raised in a common environment and survival monitored

Outperformed their half-siblings fathered by SC males

Natural selection is not…; it is..; doesn’t…

This is because it can only select from…

Example is snowhares molting to…; but population lacks …

Evolution is limited by the…; so legacy of…

planned; imperfect; produce an ideal

Existing genetic variation

White fur too early which is disadvantageous; alleles that encode delay

Existing forms & traits of a species; descent w/ modification.

Adaptation is a compromise where organisms…

Example is seals having…

Because it gives them …

Chance & environment can impact…

trade off ability to perform 1 function in order to better perform another

Flippers instead of legs

Great ability to hunt so they must trade off

Progress of natural selection

Speciation is the …

Produce the …; & helps explain its…

Microevolution is limited by…

While macroevolution is …

Ernst Mayr helped define what?

emergence of new species from a common ancestor

Tremendous diversity of life; unity

Changes in allele frequency in a population over time

broad patterns of evolutionary change above the species level

Biological species concept

Species is a group of populations whose…

Produce …

And do not produce…

Gene flow between populations holds a …

Diversity of a particular species may be apparent in…

members have the potential to interbreed in nature

Viable & fertile offspring

Viable & fertile offspring w/ members of other such groups

Species together genetically

Diversity of traits observed in present phenotypes

Limitations to biological species concept is species that are…

Example is …; which can…

Another limitation is species that reproduce …

Morphologically & ecologically distinct, yet can produce hybrid offspring

Polar bear & grizzly bear making grolar bear; produce viable offspring

Asexually such as prokaryotes (bacteria)

New species emerge through a loss of…

As a result of …; and can lead to the …

Once a species is formed, there are wide range of…

Name these barriers…

gene flow between two populations

Reproductive isolation; emergence of distinct species

Barriers that prevent reproduction between species

Prezygotic & postzygotic barriers

Prezygotic barriers block…

Impeding…

Preventing…

& hindering …

How many examples are there of this? Name them…

fertilization from occurring

different species from attempting to mate

successful completion of mating

Fertilization if mating is successful

5; habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic isolation

Habitat isolation is when two species that occupy different…

Example is when apple maggot flies …

Temporal isolation is when species that…

Example is western spotted skunks …

habitats w/in same area may encounter each other rarely, if at all

Isolated from blueberry flies bc they feed/lay eggs on different fruits

Breed at different times of day, in diff seasons can’t mix their gametes

Mate in summer & eastern spotted skunks mate in winter

Behavioral isolation is courtship …; and other…

Examples is where many species …

Mechanical isolation is where mating is…; but …

Example is where genetically openings of snails in genus bradybaena..

Gametic isolation is where sperm of one species may not …

Example is surface proteins on sperm &eggs of different sea urchin…

rituals; behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers to mating

Mate only after a unique courtship such as blue-footed boobies

Attempted; morphological different prevents its successful completion

Don’t align if their shells spiral in opposite directions

Be able to fertilize eggs of another species

Bind poorly to each other, preventing fusion & zygote formation

Postzygotic barriers prevent …

Through…

Hybrid zygotes from developing into viable, fertile adults

Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown

Reduced hybrid viability is where genes of different …

Example is hybrid offspring of different subspecies of salamanders…

Reduced hybrid fertility is when meiosis may …; if parent species have.

Example is hybrid offspring of…

Hybrid breakdown is when first generation hybrids are…

Example is hybrids between certain strains of cultivated rice are…

parent species may interact in ways that impair hybrid’s development

Don’t usually complete development

Fail to produce normal gametes resulting in sterility; diff # chromosome

Male donkey & female horse (a mule) is robust but sterile

Viable & fertile but offspring in next generation are feeble or sterile

Vigorous & fertile, but members of next generation are small & sterile

Biological species concept emphasizes separateness of…

Other species definitions emphasize …

Name the other species concepts…

species because of reproductive barriers

Unity within species

Morphological, ecological, & phylogenetic species concept

Morphological species concept uses…; and …

Advantages is that it can be…

Disadvantage is that it is..

body shape; structural features to group species

Applied to sexual & asexual reproducing species

Subjective because it relies on our observations

Ecological species concept considers a…; or ways a species…

Advantage is that it can be…; and considers role of …

Disadvantages is that it doesn’t …

species niche; interacts with its abiotic & biotic environment

Applied to sexual/asexual reproducing species; disruptive selection

Consider presence or absence of gene flow/reproduction

Phylogenetic species concept defines a species as the…

Can be distinguished from other such sets by…; does not

Advantage uses…

Disadvantages often debatable as to how much …

Speciation can take place w/ or w/o …; name the two examples..

smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor

Distinct evolutionary trajectories; require reproductive isolation

Molecular evidence (DNA) & morphology

difference is required to determine where new branch of life starts

Geographic separation; Allopatric (other country) & sympatric (same)

Allopatric speciation is a type of speciation where…

Example is mosquito fish colonized ponds which later became…

Each of the ponds could be classified as either a …

Different morphology developed & provides differential rates of…

In the lab, females prefer to mate with males of…

Geographic barriers prevent gene flow

Isolated & cut off gene flow

High or low predation environment

Escape acceleration & survival

Similar morphology

Shrimp species diverged at a …

Isolated or highly subdivided regions usually have more species than…

Reproductive isolation between populations generally…

Effect of a geographic barrier depends on ability of…

For example, a canyon may create a barrier for..; but not for…

similar time to the formation of the Isthmus

Those with fewer barriers

Increases with geographic distance

Organisms to move about

Small rodents; birds, coyotes or pollen & seeds of flowering plants

Sympatric speciation occurs in …

It is less…; because barriers don’t …

It occurs if gene flow is reduced by factors such as…

populations that live in the same geographic area

Common; separate the populations in question

Polyploidy, sexual selection, & habitat differentiation

Polyploidy is the presence of…; can be caused by…

This process can form a new species within a …

It is common in…; but rare in…; example is …

It’s estimated that around …

how many types of polyploidy; name…

extra sets of chromosomes; accidents during cell division

Single generation without geographic separation

Plants; animals; gray tree frog is a tetraploid (4n)

80% of plant life is a result of polyploidy

2; autopolyploids & allopollyploids

Autopolyploids (oneself) have more than;…; all derived from..

In plants, mitotic errors can result in the …

Fertile offspring can be produced through…

Mating between tetraploids & diploids produces…

Two sets of chromosomes; a single species

Production of a tetraploid (4n) cell from a diploid (2n) cell

Self-fertilization or mating among tetraploids

Triploid (3n) offspring with reduced fertility

Allopolyploids (other) occurs when two different species breed & form…

Many hybrids are sterile because their chromosomes can’t…; however,

Non-disjunction errors can lead to …

Allopolyploids can successfully …; but not with…

hybrid offspring that have chromosomes derived from different species

Pair during meiosis; they may reproduce sexually

Doubling chromosome # in subsequent generation producing a diploid

Interbreed with each other; either parent species

Sympatric speciation can be…

For example, speciation of chichild in Lake Victoria was likely driven by

Sympatric speciation can also result from…; example of…

Example: apple maggot flies evolved in North America after …

Maggot flies mate on their host plant, resulting in…

driven by sexual selection

Female mate choice based on male breeding coloration

Exploitation of new habitats or resources; habitat differentiation

Switching hosts from hawthorn to apple

Habitat isolation between groups using different hosts

Hybrid zone is a region where…

It is a naturally…; hybrids are often…

They rarely serve as a …

they are often patches of…; rather than…

How many outcomes of hybrid zones are there? Name them

members of two species meet & mate

Occurring experiment of speciation; maladapted

Steppingstone toward a new species

small dots on a map; continuous bands

3; reinforcement, fusion, & stability

Reinforcement is the strengthening of…

Fusion is weakening of…

Stability is continual formation of…

Reproductive barriers & cessation of hybrid formation

Reproductive barriers leading to a single species

Hybrids of two distinct species

Rate of speciation can be studied by…

What can also be used to assess time interval bt speciation events…

Speciation can occur…

What are two kinds of speciation rates?

observing broad patterns in the fossil record

Morphological & molecular data

Rapidly or gradually

Punctuated model & gradual model

Punctuated model describes periods of apparent;where species don’t…

Gradual model described…

Fossil record shows emergence of,,; impact of..; origin of…

Earth’s environment allowed emergence of life through … events

stasis; change through several strata punctuated by sudden change

Species appear to have changed gradually over time

Terrestrial vertebrates; mass extinction; key adaptations, such as flight

4 main events

1st event is abiotic synthesis of organic molecules such as…; includes..

2nd event is joining of these molecules into…

3rd event is packaging of these molecules into membrane-bound…

4th event is origin of…

amino acids; 3 hypotheses

Larger polymers or macromolecules

Protocells that allowed 4 internal chemistry different from environment

Self-replicating molecules made inheritance possible

In abiotic synthesis of organic molecules, spontaenous abiotic …

In 2009, demonstrated that by dripping…; these bases would…

Hypothesis 1 is…; hypothesis 2 is..; hypothesis 3 is…

synthesis of all 4 RNA monomers has been demonstrated in lab

RNA monomers on hot sand & clay; bind forming polymers

Primordial soup, miller-Urey experiment, vent hypothesis

Hypothesis 1: Primordial soup is when earth formed & had…

Earliest atmosphere was thought to be …; Comprised of reducing …

Hypothesis 2: Miller-Urey experiment where experiments…; resulted in.

Hypothesis 3: Vent hypothesis where recent studies suggest early…

Replication & metabolism are…; protocells may have formed from…

hot pockets of warm water

environment; little O2, but N2,CO2,H2, methane were common

Mimicked conditions of Earth;Formation of amino acids

Organic compounds may have been locally synthesizer near volcanos

Key properties of life; fluid-filled vesicles with membrane like structure

Origin of self-replicating molecules includes that RNA was likely…

Can function like…; that can make short sections of…

Largely made possible by…; RNA could have provided template for…

First nucleic acid to form

Enzyme-catalyst called ribozymes; complimentary RNA from nucleotide

Single stranded nature of RNA; assembly of DNA nucleotides

O2 produced by…; likely 1st reacted with ..; & precipitated to form…

Once all dissolved iron had precipitated,…

When seas & lakes became saturated, O2 began to…

2.4-2.7 billion yrs ago, atmospheric O2 shot up rapidly to…

This period is referred to as…; this likely killed…; but allowed for…

Photosynthesis; dissolved iron in sea; iron oxide sediments

O2 dissolved into the water

“Gas out” and enter the atmosphere

Between 1% and 10% of its present level

Oxygen revolution; many prokaryotic organisms; rise of cellular respiration & eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells are more …; due to their …

Endosymbiont theory highlights how…

Through a series of …

How much evidence supports this theory?

complex than prokaryotes; structure & composition

Eukaryotic cells emerged from prokaryotic cells

Symbiotic & evolutionary steps

3

Evidence 1: inner membranes of both organelles have…; that are…

To those found in…

Evidence 2: mitochondria & plastids replicate by…

Evidence 3: each organelles contain a single…; that, like chromosomes…

enzymes & transport systems; homologous

Plasma membranes of living prokaryotes

Splitting process that’s similar to that of certain prokaryotes

circular DNA molecule; of bacteria isn’t associated w/ histone or other proteins

Fossil record is based on …

shows that many past organisms…; many are…; new groups…

Fossil record is an…

Because few organisms were…; many were…; only fraction have…

accumulation of fossils in sedimentary rock layers, called strata

were unlike those today; extinct; arose from previous existing ones

Incomplete chronicle

Preserved as fossils; destroyed; yet been discovered

Known fossil record is…; in favor of species that …

Were…; had…; such as…

Fossils in fossil record are dated using…; this uses the…

That are incorporated into a …

Biased; existed for a long time

Abundant & widespread; hard parts; shells or skeletons

Radiometric dating; known half-life of radioisotopes

Specimen while it is living in the atmosphere

Study of fossils is used to establish the…; which is a standard…

Geologic record is divided into how many eons? Name them…

What is the most recent eon?

How many eras are in the most recent eon? Name them…

Boundaries between these eras correspond to …

Geologic record; time scale dividing Earth’s history

4 eons; Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, & Phanerozoic

Phanerozoic

3; Paleozoic, Mesozoic, & Cenozoic

Major extinction events in fossil record

During Cambrian period, first signs of …

Plants & fungi …; by developing critical…

Biological diversity is a balance between…

Balance is displayed …

These changes are affected processes including…

fungi, plants, & animals inhabiting land appear

Co-evolved & adapted together on land; symbiotic relationships

Speciation & extinction

Conceptually in this evolutionary tree

Plate tectonics, mass extinction, & adaptive radiation

Plate tectonics are continents that are the…

1.1 billion years ago, all the plates…;Each time they broke apart, a …

When plates collide, they…; when they create friction, this results in…

When they move apart, they result in…

Earth crust floating in the underlaying mantle

Came together; new configuration of continents was formed

Can form mountains; earthquakes

Formation of oceans

Continental drift is…

During Pangaea, the seas went from …

Places like Canada have moved from…

Species unique to Australia are found in…

Allopatric speciation on a grand scale

Shallow to deep altering marine habitats

The tropics to the far north

The fossil record of Asia & South America

Fossil record shows that most species that have ever lived are…

Extinction can be caused by changes to a..

Mass extinctions occur when large …

5 mass extinctions have been documented in the fossil record over…

now extinct

Species’ biotic or abiotic environment

Numbers of species rapidly become extinct worldwide

The past 500 million years

Permian extinction divides the …

About …

Occurred during an …

Eruptions resulted in increase in…; acidification of…

Global climate …; nutrient enrichment of oceans caused…

Paleozoic from the Mesozoic era

96% of marine species became extinct

Extreme episode of volcanism

Atmospheric CO2; oceans that reduced calcium carbonate

Warmed by about 6 degrees Celsius; microbial blooms

Cretaceous extinction is where more than…; examples

Presence of iridium in sedimentary rocks from the time suggests…

Debris clouds from the impact would…; causing a rapid, enduring…

Impact occurred off…

Mass extinctions can change the…; they also facilitate

50% of marine species; terrestrial plants, animals, & all dinosaurs

A massive meteorite collision

Block the sun; drop in global temperature

mexican coast 66 million years ago

Types of organisms in ecological communities; adaptive radiation

Adaptive radiation is …

And adapt to..

Adaptive radiations can occur in: 1. the opening of…

2: The evolution of novel characteristics that…

3: The colonization of new regions with…

Rapid periods of evolutionary change where many new species arise

Adapt to different ecological niches

Niches following mass extinctions

Enable the exploitation of new resources or habitats

Few or weak competitors

Opening of niches where size & diversity of mammals was…

After the extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs, mammals underwent…

evolution of novel characteristics where several adaptive radiation have

Adaptive radiations by plants, insects, & tetrapods followed the …

Some groups diversified as adaptive radiations in…

Restricted by predation & competition from dinosaurs

Adaptive radiation by filling ecological niches left open

Occurred in response to the evolution of major innovations

Evolution of key adaptations for survival on land

Other groups provided new food sources

Colonization of new region were common in…; where after, a lineage…

Different evolutionary processes act in these environments…

Reason why islands …

islands; colonization; quickly diversifies to occupy diff ecological niche

Leading to evolution of different species

Have a higher prevalence of endemic species

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