AP World Red, Yellow, Blue Flashcards

Foundations, Period 1, Period 2

Yellow River Civilizations

The first civilization established in Ancient China

Founder: Yu

extensive irrigation and water control systems

Mauryan Dynasty

Classical Indian Dynasty under Ashoka, conquered the kingdom uniting the entire subcontinent

Promoted Buddhism

Built irrigation systems, roads, and encouraged religious tolerance

Pax Romana

A 200-year-long period of peace in the Roman Empire

Rome reached its greatest territorial extent and population

Indus River Civilizations

Two main cities: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

Grid Cities

used standardized weights and measures

unknown cause of decline

Plato

believed that everything was based on ideal forms or ideas

Student of Socrates

Mesopotamia

between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

World’s first cities: Ur and Babylon

Polytheistic, built ziggurats

City states and canals

Jainism

Indian belief system that practiced non violence to living things or their souls

rejected caste hierarchy

Alexander the Great

Macedonian king

created one of the largest empires of the ancient world

Legacy: cultural diffusion and syncretism, Greco-Buddhism, new Hellenistic civilization

Mayan Civilization

city states, developed writing, calendar, math (zero), and terrace farming

Cuneiform

system of writing first developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia

Wedge marks on clay

Warring States

Period of Civil War in China

led to rise of Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism

Civil Service

A system of testing designed to select the most studious and learned candidates for appointments in the Chinese government

based on Confucianism philosophy

Emperor Wudi

Emperor of the Han Dynasty

Strong central government by taking land from lords and raising taxes

Confucianism became China’s government philosophy

Expanded Silk Road Trade

Polis

The name of Greek City States

Political and military unitL

Legalism

Strict Laws and punishments to strengthen the state

Government strength lies in its agriculture and militaryS

Shang Dynasty

Earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history

Oracle bones

Bronze weapons

Horse-drawn chariots

Compound bows

Nile River Civilization

Unified by Menes

Ruled by a pharaoh

mummification, building of tombs, pyramids

hieroglyphics, paper making, 365 calendar, architecture

women had more rights than other societies

Ziggurat

Sumerian tiered temples for religious ceremonies

Zoroastrianism

Persian religion focusing on good vs. evil

Book: Ahura Mazda

Qin Dynasty

First Chinese empire under Shi Huangdi, founder of the Qin dynasty

The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism

Achievements: standardized weights, script writing

Paleolithic Age

Predates agricultural societies

clans formed tribes with chiefs

Hunter gatherers, stone tools

ability to control fire

Early religion

Expressions of art include cave paintings

Zhou Dynasty

Longest dynasty in Chinese history

Feudal rule

emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth (Mandate of Heaven)

Iron tools

Persian Empire

Founded by Cyrus

Expanded by Darius

Empire spread from India to borders of Egypt

Darius created a centralization government with a bureaucracy

Capital, Persepoli

Gupta Dynasty

Indian empire known for a golden age of Hindu culture

Advances in math (zero, decimals), science, art, and literature

Power was decentralized

trade across Indian Ocean and Silk Roads

Constantine

Roman Emperor

issued the Edict of Milan which outlaws the persecution of Christians

Founded Constantinople

Julius Caesar

Roman dictator

Extended Roman citizenship to Gaul and consolidated government

Assassinated by senators

Han Empire

after the collapse of the Qin Empire

founded by Gaozu

adopted Confucianism; merit system for government exams

Introduced BuddhismN

Neolithic Revolution

Called New Stone Age

Domestication of animals and cultivation of crops

Permanent villages

Pottery

textiles

Socrates

Greek Philosopher that used questioning to explore ethics

Laws of the Twelve Tables

Tome’s first written laws, applied to all citizens

Made all laws public and consistent, preventing patricians (the elite) from changing rules at will

Hammurabi’s Code

Babylon

a set of 282 laws governing daily life; the earliest known collection of written laws

Mandate of Heaven

claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had directed authority from heaven to rule and keep order in universe

Olmecs

First Mesoamerican civilization

Authoritarian rule

Known for pyramids and stone heads

Bantu Migrations

migrated to the eastern coast of Africa

Spread farming, iron tools and languages across Africa

Aristotle

a disciple of Plato believed people could use observation and logic to answer questions of the world

Chavin

Peru

Earliest pre-Incan culture

Domesticated llamas

Grew maize, potatoes, and quinoa

Urban centers around a temple

Great Schism

Christianity split into the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

due to religious and political disagreements between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople

Ghana, Mali, Songhai

W African empires that grew wealthy from gold and salt trade routes across the Sahara

promoted Islam and learning centers like Timbuktu

Trans Saharan Trading Network

Connected W Africa to N Africa

Moved gold, salt, Islam via camels

Chinampas

Aztec floating gardens or artificial/man made islands that used for farming on lakes

Shiites

Minority branch of Islam

Leadership should remain in Muhammad’s family

Indian Ocean Trading Network

world’s largest sea-based trade before 1500 CE

linked Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and SE Asia

It moved goods like spices, gold, and textiles, and spread Islam, language, and techonologies

Silk Road Trade

Overland network China to Mediterranean

Spread silk, spices, Buddhism, plague

Crusades

Christian holy wars for Holy Land

Deepened hostility among Christian, Muslims, and Jews

Facilitated exchange of ideas and stimulated commerce

Song Dynasty

Chinese dynasty known for inventions like gunpowder, magnetic compass and paper money, and for trading overseas

Sui Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that built that Grand Canal to move rice from south to north

Sufism

Mystical Muslims group

Focused on prayer, simplicity, closeness to god

Heian Japan

A time in Japan when Chinese influence declined

Growth of Japanese art, poetry, literature

Umayyad Dynasty

An Islamic Dynasty based on succession rather than election

expanded the empire east and west

Succession disputes weakened empire

Aztecs

A powerful civilization that engaged in frequent warfare

grew corn, polytheistic, and practiced human sacrifice

Zheng He

Muslim eunuch explorer

Led Ming trade voyages across Indian Ocean

Abbasid Dynasty

Muslim dynasty in Baghdad

Encouraged trade and wealth

Military based power led by the caliphs

Hanseatic League

a trade group in Northern Europe that helped cities trade goods like fish and grain using credit and banking

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Epire centered in Constantinople

Christian empire, longest lasting medieval power

Holy Roman Empire

A Germanic empire in Europe started when Charlemagne was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by Pope Leo III

Marco Polo

An Italian explorer who traveled to China and shared his experiences with Europe

Charlemagne

King ofB the Franks who expanded his rule into Germany and became Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE

Bubonic Plague

Deadly disease from China to Europe

Killed 25 million (1/3 of Europe)

Weakened trade, cause major social change

Emperor Justinian

Byzantine ruler who built the Hagia Sophia and created a law code based on Roman laws

Genghis Khan

Leader who brought all Mongol tribes together in 1206 and proclaimed himself universal ruler

United central Asia and used equestrian skills

Mongol Empire

consolidated rule in China

Golden Horde (group of Mongols)I overran Russia

Incan Empire

Government led by military elite

quipu (cords of variety color and length) for record keeping

Waru Waru- agricultural technique combined raising bed with irrigation to prevent erosion

Road network

Muhammad

About 610 Ce, had a spiritual experience that he was the last prophet of Allah

Qur’an collected his teachings

Hijra (journey to Mecca) became the starting point of the Islamic calendar

Hundred Years War

England vs. France

Joan of Arc led French resistance

French victory expelled English

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar who visited many parts of the Islamic world

the most widely traveled individual of is time, documented his travels

Feudalism

A system in medieval Europe where nboles got land for military service and peasants worked the land

Mansa Musa

Mali ruler, extremely wealthy

Famous pilgrimage to Mecca

Tang Dynasty

Confucian bureaucracy and land reforms

hired officials by exam

Yuan Dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song

set up a centralized bureaucracy

Beijing capital

rebuilt the Grand Canal

Sunnis

The largest branch of Islam

believe caliph (leader) should be chosen by community

Manorialism

An economic system where lords owned land and peasants farmed it in exchange for protection

Neo Confucianism

Confucian revival influenced by Buddhism

focused on social behavior

Philosopher Zhu Xi wrote Family Ritual, promoting moral behavior

Dar Al Islam

Lands unified by Islam, trade, and culture

Included Ottomans, Seljuks, Mamluks

Magna Carta

established principles of due process and equality before the law

limited the king’s power

House of Wisdom

Abbasid academy in Baghdad

Intellectual center of Islamic Golden Age

Grand Canal

Linked Yellow and Yangzi Rivers

Longest man-made waterway

Kublai Khan

Established Yuan dynasty in China in 1279, ushering in period of Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in African kingdom that grew rich from trading gold along the East Africa coast

Champa Rice

fast-ripening rice from Vietnam

Boosted Song population

Pax Mongolica

Mongol peace across Eurasia

Secured Silk Road

Japanese Feudalism

A military government in Japan where a shogun led and samurai served under local lords

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by Guru Nanak in northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru (spiritual teacher) in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule

Martin Luther

Leader of the Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s

published his 95 These, and a movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church followed.

widespread across Germany then into England and Switzerland

Main arguments were against the purchase of indulgences (payment for sins)

Mughal Empire

an Islamic empire established in India following the defeat of the Delhi Sultanate

Islamic minority ruling over Hindu majority

Built the Taj Mahal

Declined in the late 1600's due to abandonment of religious toleration and arrival of Europeans

Safavid Empire

established Shiite sect of Islam as official religion

Shah Abbas the Great encouraged trade with other nations, and increased the use of gunpowder weapons

Constant conflict with Ottomans and Russia

Ottoman Devshirme

a system developed by the Ottoman whereby Janissaries who were soldiers in the Ottoman Empire were trained to protect and serve the sultan

This elite group began as slaves recruited from among Christian boys in Ottoman controlled areas

They were forced to convert to Islam and pledge absolute loyalty to the sultan

Single Whip Tax System

A policy put forth by the Ming requiring a single national tax and that all taxes be paid in the form of silver, including those taxes paid by tributary states

China now had to fulfill the demand for silver

Silver made its way into China from both Japan and the Americas

English Civil War

supporters of Parliament against the Crown

the trial and execution of Charles I

The replacement of the monarchy with the Commonwealth of English (1649-1653)

the rise of Oliver Cromwell to a virtual military dictatorship

The ultimate outcome was the discrediting of the idea of the divine right of kings and the belief that parliament was now supreme, establishing a constitutional monarchy

Suleiman the Magnificent

sultan of the Ottoman empire

expanded into Southern Europe

created a centralized bureaucracy

Modernized the Ottoman Army

improved legal system laws based on Islamic law

patron of arts, religiously tolerant

Tokugawa Shogunate

missionaries hoping to convert the Japanese

A series of seclusion acts were passed to ban missionary activities

Began a period of self imposed isolation and peace called the Pax Tokugawa for 300 years

Japan unified in the 1500s which led to the establishment of a military government led by a shogun

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Protestant Reformation

A religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s started by Martin Luther

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and Succeeded by the people’s republic

Formed the territorial based for the modern Chinese state

Expanded China’s borders to include Taiwan, Tibet, Chinese Central Asia, and Mongolia

Renaissance

means rebirth

reflected the spirit of individualism and encouraged a split from religious based thinking and focus on things of this world

Artwork known from use of perspective and realism

Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas, and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa following the transoceanic voyaging of the 15th and 16th centuries

Encomienda System

A labor system instituted by the Spanish crown in the American colonies. In this system, a Spanish encomendero was granted a number of native laborers who would pay tributes to him in exchange for his protection

Henry VIII

King of England

his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope

England broke with the Roman Catholic Church and embraced Protestantism

Henry established the Church of England in 1532

Technology of European Exploration

Lanteen sails, from Chinese merchant ships, allowed ships to sail in any direction

The astrolabe was used by sailors to determine latitude

Inventions borrowed from the Chinese included sternpost rudder, which improved navigation, and magnetic compass

Caravels were slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese