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52 Terms
X, Y, Z Affair
Who: U.S. diplomats & French agents
What: French demanded bribes to negotiate
When: 1797–98
Where: France
Why: France angry at U.S. neutrality
Significance: Led to anti-French feelings & undeclared naval war
Alien and Sedition Acts
Who: Federalists (Adams)
What: Laws that restricted immigrants & criminalized criticism
When: 1798
Where: U.S.
Why: Silence political opponents
Significance: Sparked debate about free speech & states’ rights
Election of 1800
Who: Jefferson vs. Adams
What: First peaceful transfer of power
When: 1800
Where: U.S.
Why: Shift from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans
Significance: “Revolution of 1800”
Louisiana Purchase
Who: Jefferson & Napoleon
What: U.S. bought Louisiana Territory
When: 1803
Where: West of Mississippi
Why: Control Mississippi River & expand
Significance: Doubled U.S. size; pushed westward expansion
War of 1812
Who: U.S. vs. Britain
What: War over trade & impressment
When: 1812–1815
Where: Great Lakes, DC, South
Why: British interference
Significance: Boosted nationalism; hurt Native resistance
Lowell Factory
Who: Young women (“Lowell girls”)
What: Textile mills w/ strict rules
When: 1820s–1830s
Where: Massachusetts
Why: Industrial revolution labor need
Significance: Early women’s labor movement
Market Revolution
Who: American workers/farmers
What: Big shift to industry, wage labor, new markets
When: 1800–1850
Where: U.S.
Why: Tech + transportation
Significance: Changed daily life; widened North/South divide
Cotton Gin
Who: Eli Whitney
What: Machine that removed seeds from cotton
When: 1793
Where: South
Why: Faster cotton production
Significance: HUGE boom in slavery
Monroe Doctrine
Who: President Monroe
What: Europe must NOT colonize Americas
When: 1823
Where: Western Hemisphere
Why: Protect new nations
Significance: U.S. foreign policy cornerstone
Missouri Compromise
Who: Henry Clay
What: MO = slave; ME = free; 36°30′ line
When: 1820
Where: U.S. territories
Why: Balance slave/free states
Significance: Temporary fix to slavery debate
Tariff of 1828 (“Tariff of Abominations”)
Who: Jackson vs. Congress
What: High protective tariff
When: 1828
Where: U.S.
Why: Help Northern industry
Significance: South angry → Nullification Crisis
Pet Banks (Jackson)
Who: Andrew Jackson
What: Moved federal money into state banks
When: 1833
Where: U.S.
Why: Destroy the Bank of the U.S.
Significance: Triggered financial instability
Indian Removal Act
Who: Jackson
What: Forced Native removal
When: 1830
Where: Southeast → Oklahoma
Why: Land hunger
Significance: Led to Trail of Tears
Treaty of New Echota
Who: Small Cherokee group
What: Gave up Cherokee land
When: 1835
Where: GA
Why: U.S. pressure
Significance: Used to justify Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
Who: Cherokee Nation
What: Forced relocation
When: 1838
Where: GA → Oklahoma
Why: Indian Removal Act
Significance: Thousands died; major injustice
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Who: Nat Turner (enslaved preacher)
What: Slave revolt
When: 1831
Where: Virginia
Why: Religious visions, fight slavery
Significance: Led to harsher slave laws
Reformists
Who: Middle-class activists
What: Temperance, education, prisons, women’s rights
When: 1830s–1850s
Where: U.S.
Why: Fix society
Significance: Changed American social structures
Manifest Destiny
Who: Americans
What: Belief U.S. should expand west
When: 1840s
Where: Westward
Why: Religion, economy, nationalism
Significance: Justified war & Native displacement
Oregon Trail
Who: Migrating families
What: Overland route
When: 1840s–1860s
Where: Missouri → Oregon
Why: Land and opportunity
Significance: Massive migration west
Mexican-American War
Who: U.S. vs. Mexico
What: War over Texas & Southwest
When: 1846–1848
Where: Texas, Mexico
Why: Polk wanted land
Significance: U.S. gained CA, AZ, NM, etc.
James K. Polk
Who: 11th president
What: Expansionist
When: 1845–1849
Where: U.S.
Why: “Manifest Destiny president”
Significance: Oversaw Mexican-American War
Abolitionist Movement
Who: Garrison, Douglass, Tubman, etc.
What: End slavery
When: 1830s–1860s
Where: North
Why: Moral & religious beliefs
Significance: Led to Civil War tensions
Frederick Douglass
Who: Former slave, abolitionist
What: Writer, speaker
When: 1818–1895
Where: U.S.
Why: Expose slavery
Significance: Major voice for abolition & freedom
Gold Rush
Who: “Forty-niners”
What: Gold discovered
When: 1848–1855
Where: California
Why: Economic opportunity
Significance: Mass migration, statehood
Compromise of 1850
Who: Henry Clay
What: CA free; Fugitive Slave Act; popular sovereignty
When: 1850
Where: U.S.
Why: Ease tensions
Significance: Made slavery issue worse
Laramie Treaty
Who: U.S. government and Plains tribes
What: Agreement defining territories and promising protection
When: 1851 (mid-19th century)
Where: Fort Laramie, present-day Wyoming
Why: To reduce conflict as settlers moved west
Significance: Opened the Great Plains to increased U.S. expansion, pressuring Indigenous and Mexican communities in the Southwest
The Kansas‐Nebraska Crisis
Who: Congress, settlers, pro- and anti-slavery groups
What: Act allowing popular sovereignty on slavery
When: 1854
Where: Kansas and Nebraska territories
Why: To open territories for settlement and railroad expansion
Significance: Led to violent conflict (“Bleeding Kansas”) and displaced Mexican Americans as settlement expanded
Republican Party
Who: Northern anti-slavery politicians
What: Political party formed to oppose slavery expansion
When: 1854
Where: Northern states
Why: In response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Significance: Its rise reshaped politics; later Civil War policies affected Mexican Americans’ civil rights
Dred Scott Decision
Who: Dred Scott, U.S. Supreme Court
What: Court ruling that African Americans were not citizens
When: 1857
Where: Washington, D.C.
Why: Court claimed Congress couldn’t restrict slavery
Significance: Worsened sectional conflict; limited rights for non-white groups, including Mexicans in new territories
John Brown
Who: Abolitionist leader
What: Led armed resistance against slavery
When: 1850s
Where: Kansas; Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Why: To spark a slave uprising
Significance: Increased national tensions; influenced policies affecting minority groups including
Election of 1860
Who: Abraham Lincoln and national political parties
What: Presidential election that triggered Southern secession
When: 1860
Where: United States
Why: Conflict over slavery and western expansion
Significance: Led directly to the Civil War; reshaped life for Mexican Americans in the Southwest
Border States
Who: Slave states that stayed in the Union
What: States with divided loyalties: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware
When: 1861-1865
Where: Upper South
Why: Strategic military and political pressure
Significance: Influenced Union strategy; control affected western regions with Mexican populations
The Confederate States of America
Who: Southern secessionist states
What: Government formed to preserve slavery
When: 1861-1865
Where: American South
Why: Response to Lincoln's election
Significance: Caused the Civil War; federal focus shifted, impacting Mexican communities
Harriet Tubman
Who: Abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor
What: Led enslaved people to freedom
When: 1850s–1860s
Where: South to Northern states
Why: To resist slavery
Significance: Symbol of resistance; contributed to broader civil-rights awareness affecting Mexicans
Emancipation Proclamation
Who: President Abraham Lincoln
What: Declared enslaved people in Confederate states free
When: 1863
Where: Confederate territory
Why: Strategic wartime measure to weaken Confederacy
Significance: Expanded ideas of citizenship and rights, influencing Mexican Americans postwar
Robert E. Lee
Who: Confederate general
What: Led Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
When: 1861-1865
Where: Eastern U.S.
Why: Fought to defend the Confederacy
Significance: His surrender ended major conflict; Reconstruction shaped civil rights for Mexican Americans
George B. McClellan
Who: Union general
What: Organized and led early Union armies
When: 1861-1862
Where: Eastern U.S.
Why: Appointed for military leadership
Significance: His cautious strategy prolonged conflict, affecting federal focus in Mexican-populated regions
Ulysses S. Grant
Who: Union general, later U.S. president
What: Led Union to victory
When: 1861-1865 (war); presidency 1869-1877
Where: Nationwide
Why: Strong military leadership
Significance: Oversaw Reconstruction enforcement; supported civil rights affecting Mexicans in the Southwest
William T. Sherman
Who: Union general
What: Led campaigns through the South
When: 1863-1865
Where: Georgia, Carolinas
Why: To break Confederacy’s capacity to fight
Significance: Accelerated war's end; Reconstruction policies impacted racial dynamics including Mexican communities
Sherman’s March
Who: Gen. Sherman and Union Army
What: Destructive march to weaken the Confederacy
When: 1864
Where: Georgia to the sea
Why: Crush Confederate morale
Significance: Helped end the war faster; postwar federal presence affected Mexican Americans in the Southwest
Reconstruction
Who: U.S. government, formerly enslaved people, Southern states
What: Rebuilding and redefining citizenship after the Civil War
When: 1865-1877
Where: Southern U.S.
Why: To reintegrate states and address slavery’s aftermath
Significance: Expanded civil rights frameworks that Mexicans in former Mexican territories could use
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
Who: Congress, American citizens
What: Abolished slavery, defined citizenship, protected voting rights
When: 1865-1870
Where: United States
Why: To secure rights after emancipation
Significance: Shaped civil rights law; Mexican Americans used these amendments to fight discrimination
Freedmen’s Bureau
Who: Federal government agency
What: Provided aid, education, and legal help
When: 1865-1872
Where: South
Why: To assist formerly enslaved people
Significance: Early civil-rights infrastructure; influenced later Mexican American advocacy
Black Codes
Who: Southern state governments
What: Restrictive laws controlling freed people
When: 1865-1866
Where: Southern U.S.
Why: To maintain white control
Significance: Led to stronger federal intervention; paralleled discrimination against Mexicans
Compromise of 1877
Who: Republicans and Democrats
What: Deal ending Reconstruction
When: 1877
Where: Federal government; Southern states
Why: Resolve disputed 1876 election
Significance: Federal troops withdrawn; rise of discriminatory laws affected Mexican Americans
Differences Between North and South: North
More urban, diverse population, industrial jobs, public education
Industry, trade, small farms, early capitalism
Supported tariffs, infrastructure, anti-slavery movements
Differences Between North and South: South
Rural, plantation-based, enslaved population, agrarian lifestyle
Cotton, slavery-driven agriculture, plantation economy
Defended slavery, opposed tariffs that hurt trade, emphasized states’ rights
Civil war: Union
Preserve the United States, later add emancipation
Larger population, industry, navy, railroads
Anaconda Plan (blockade, control Mississippi, split Confederacy)
Effects on the south: Widespread destruction of infrastructure and economy
Civil war: Confederacy
Maintain independence and preserve slavery
Military leadership, home-field advantage, motivated soldiers
Defend territory, hope for foreign recognition
Effects on the South: End of slavery, social upheaval, Reconstruction begins
13th amendment
Abolition of slavery
14th amendment
Citizenship rights,Equal protection ,apportionment, civil war debt
15th amendment
Right to vote not denied by race
Note 
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