Antarctica Governance case study

2 main governance

Antarctic Treaty

IWC

3 other forms of governance

UNEP

NGOs

Marine Parks

when was Antarctic Treaty founded and how many countries

1959

12

what does AT do x3

set of rules eg no military or mining

does not recognise territories

stations 75

what did AT lead to and when

Madrid Protocol in 1991

what MP do

controls mineral resource

established env principles

simultaneous pos/neg of AT and MP

laws only changed/ come into place if all parties agree

when did MP come into force and how many countries

1995

45

when was IWC established and how many members

1946

88

what does IWC do x3

designated safe areas/ limits/ seasons

co-ordinates whale research

protects all calves

what is the IWC Whaling Moratorium and when

1982

pause in commercial whaling

does not affect subsistence aboriginal whaling

critiques of IWC Whaling Moratorium

evaded by Norway Iceland

Russia objected but hasn’t whaled

Japan whales under ‘special permit’

critique of AT and MP

no penalty if do not comply

role of UNEP in Antarctica x2

• little influence- attended meetings but goals do not cover antarctic

• research into global gov problems eg ozone depletion and global warming

2 ngos

greenpeace

asoc- Antarctica and southern Ocean coalition

why and when was asoc formed

1978

concerns over secret negotiations between parties in AT over minerals

influence of ASOC

granted observer status in 1991 in AT

what does Greenpeace do

collect data independent of govs

report and spread awareness

lobbying/ petitions