A.P.U.S.H. Midterm Vocab.

Alien Laws

raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from 5 years to 14 years

Common Sense, by Thomas Paine

a pamphlet arguing that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given independence.

Clay's American System

A strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals.

Anti-Federalists

Led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee. Consisted of states' rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers -the poorest class.

Anglican church

Former Church of England, became the official faith in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of New York.

Tariffs

taxes on goods, often placed on goods being brought into the United States from foreign nations (import tariffs).

Stamp Act, 1765

Tax on newspapers, almanacs, legal documents, and other paper items. Suggested by George Grenville of Britain

Popular sovereignty

The idea that the territories can choose to be slave or slave-free based on popular vote.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Document written by the Pilgrims establishing the basic principles of the Plymouth Colony government.

Judicial review

Power of a court to refuse to enforce a law or government regulation which it believes to be unconstitutional.

Great Compromise

Suggested that a bicameral Congress be established, with representation in one house being determined by state population, and the other having equal representation from each state.

Federalist Papers (1788)

A series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison to convince readers to ratify the Constitution in New York State.

Electoral college

A body of individuals which elect the President and Vice President of the United States.

Articles of Confederation

Pre-Constitution document, ratified in 1781, creating the first government of the United States.

Interstate commerce

Trade that takes places across state lines

Intrastate commerce

Trade that takes place within a state

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Called for the gradual reduction of the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over 8 years.

The Congregational Church

Had grown out of the Puritan Church, and was formally established in most the New England colonies.

The "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

Was when Andrew Jackson had received the popular vote, but John Quincy Adams became President with Clay's help.

The Declaration of Independence

An explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans, written by Thomas Jefferson.

The Dred Scott Decision

The Fifth Amendment forbade Congress from depriving people of their property without the due process of law and the Missouri Comprise is unconstitutional.

Embargo Act of 1807

Banned the exportation of any goods to any countries.

Federalists (Hamiltonian)

Supported a strong central government; they believed that the government should support private enterprise, not interfere with it; and they supported the British.

Anti-Federalist/Democratic Republican (Jeffersonian)

Demanded a weak central government and supported states' rights.

"Freeport Doctrine."

Argued that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Laws to protect slavery would have to be voted on by the territorial legislatures.

The French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

War fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean, resulted in the Treaty of Paris (1763).

Gadsden Purchase

The purchase of an area of Mexico from Santa Anna through which the transcontinental railroad would pass.

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey, in which New York lost.

The Great Awakening

Exploded in the 1730s and 1740s and started in Northampton, Massachusetts, by Jonathan Edwards.

Hartford Convention

a secret meeting between Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances.

"headright" system

Under its terms, whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land.

Indentured servants

In exchange for working, these people would received transatlantic passage and eventual "freedom dues", including a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and possibly a small piece of land.

"Intolerable Acts"

Laws passed by Parliament that restricted colonists' rights.

Jay's Treaty

Treaty in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U.S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships.

"Jeremiad."

A new form of sermon heard from Puritan pulpits in the middle of the 17th century.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

The status's of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska would be decided by popular sovereignty.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Stated that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt.

Louisiana Purchase

The Purchase of a large area west of the Mississippi River from France for $15 million.

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

This decision showed that the Supreme Court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution.

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

Involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes. Justice Marshall denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank

The Missouri Compromise

Forbade slavery in the remaining territories in the Louisiana Territory north of the line of 36° 30', except for Missouri.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

This Doctrine's two basic features were non-colonization and nonintervention.

Navigation Law of 1650

Stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.

Orders in Council in 1806

Closed the European ports under French control to foreign shipping.

Ostend Manifesto

A document that stated if Spain didn't allow America to buy Cuba for $120 million, then America would attack Cuba on grounds that Spain's continued ownership of Cuba endangered American interests

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795

Stated that Spain would grant the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida.

Puritans

People who wanted to "purify" the Catholic Church.

Proclamation of 1763

Prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians

Quakers

A group of dissenters, also known as the Religious Society of Friends, who refused to support the Church of England with taxes.

The Quartering Act of 1765

Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Quebec Act of 1774

Gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law

The Sedition Act

Stated that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment.

The Spoils System

The system of rewarding political supporters with jobs in the government.

"three-fifths compromise"

Counted slaves as 3/5 of a person toward the general population of a state.

Townshend Acts, 1767

Put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.

Treaty of Ghent

Restored conquered territory, and Britain and America cease fighting in the War of 1812.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Gave America the area stretching westward to Oregon and the ocean, including California, for a cost of $15 million.

The Treaty of Paris (1763)

ended the French and Indian War and threw the French power off the continent of North America.

Underground Railroad

Chain of anti-Slavery houses through the South that led to the emancipation of many slaves.