Chapter 1- Health Data Management (HIM4624)!

1. What is the scientific application of mathematical principles to the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of numerical data?

Statistics. (It is a branch of mathematics used to gather and understand numerical data

In the data hierarchy, what is defined as "data that has been organized to give it context and meaning"?

Information. (Information differs from raw data because it is organized into formats like tables or charts

Which type of data represents a firsthand account of a patient’s treatment obtained directly from the medical record?

Primary Data. (Primary data includes notes and vital signs recorded by the professionals directly treating the patient

A hospital administrator analyzing "how many patients visited the emergency room last year" is using which type of statistics?

Descriptive Statistics. (Descriptive statistics are used to explain or describe data regarding events that have already happened in the past or present

Which level of measurement has a "true zero," meaning the variable can be absent (e.g., weight or salary)?

Ratio Level Data. (Ratio data has a natural zero, which allows for mathematical calculations like multiplication and division

Gender, race, and zip codes are classified as which level of data?

Nominal Level Data. (Nominal data is used for naming mutually exclusive categories that have no logical order or ranking

Which data set is the standard for collecting information on residents in nursing home facilities?

Minimum Data Set (MDS). (The MDS is a federally mandated assessment for all residents in Medicare- or Medicaid-certified nursing homes

What is the process of selecting specific data items from patient records for reporting or registries?

Abstracting. (Abstracting involves extracting specific data from a primary source (the chart) to create secondary data

In a study regarding how "Weeks of Gestation" affects "Birth Weight," what type of variable is "Weeks of Gestation"?

Independent Variable. (The independent variable is the "cause" or factor varied by the researcher to observe its effect

Which type of data uses whole numbers to count totals for categories, such as the number of patients in a ward?

Discrete Data. (Discrete data represents counts that cannot be divided into fractions, unlike continuous data.)

A temperature of 0°C or 0°F represents which level of data?

Interval Level Data. (Temperature is interval data because the zero is arbitrary and does not represent the total absence of heat.)

What is the highest level of the data hierarchy, described as "the application of knowledge to make decisions"?

Business Intelligence. (Business intelligence uses the knowledge gained from data patterns to make practical business decisions.)

A subset of a population selected to represent the larger group is called a:

Sample. (A sample is a smaller group selected from the population using a specific method to represent the whole.)

Which data set is collected for all hospital inpatients, including diagnoses and procedures?

Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set (UHDDS). (The UHDDS provides uniform data elements for comparing hospital inpatient data.)

Patient satisfaction surveys using a scale (e.g., "Least Satisfied" to "Most Satisfied") are examples of which data level?

Ordinal Level Data. (Ordinal data has a natural ranking, but the distance between the categories is unknown or unequal.)

Recognizing a predictable pattern, such as "a specific drug lowers blood pressure," is an example of:

Knowledge. (Knowledge is the conclusion or truth found by identifying predictable patterns within organized information.)

Data extracted from a patient record and placed into a cancer registry is considered:

Secondary Data. (Secondary data is derived from the original source and summarized elsewhere, such as in a registry or index.)

What is the process of comparing an organization’s results against established standards or other facilities?

Benchmarking. (Benchmarking involves comparing internal results to external standards, references, or other organizations.)

. In the context of statistics, "Blood Pressure" is the variable, while "120/80" is the:

Value. (The variable is the characteristic being measured, and the value is the specific result or observation obtained

Which type of statistics uses mathematical models to make predictions about the future?

Inferential Statistics. (Inferential statistics allows researchers to draw conclusions about a population or predict future events based on a sample

Data that is numerical and can be measured (like height or weight) is called:

Quantitative Data. (Quantitative data represents quantities that can be measured and used for calculations

"Marital Status" is an example of which broad category of data?

Qualitative Data. (Qualitative (or categorical) data describes qualities that can be sorted but not measured numerically.)

Which data set provides uniformity for data collected in outpatient settings (ambulatory care)?

Uniform Ambulatory Care Data Set (UACDS). (The UACDS is the standard data set for outpatient settings like clinics and physician offices.)

Which level of measurement allows for the fewest statistical tests?

Nominal Level Data. (Because nominal data only involves names without order or value, it allows for the fewest types of analysis.)

If a researcher studies "all patients with Type II diabetes" in a specific hospital, this entire group is the:

Population. (A population is the complete group of items or people being studied.)

Primary data is collected by abstracting charts into registries.

False. (Primary data is the firsthand account recorded by clinicians; abstracting creates secondary data.)

You can calculate the mean (average) of Nominal level data.

False. (Nominal data consists of names without numerical value, so you can only find the mode (frequency), not the mean.)

Continuous data can include decimals and fractions, such as age or temperature.

True. (Continuous data measures values that can exist between whole numbers, meaning it is not limited to integers.)

In an experiment, the Dependent Variable is the "cause" and the Independent Variable is the "effect."

False. (The Independent variable is the cause/manipulated factor, and the Dependent variable is the effect/response.)

A physician index is an example of secondary data.

True. (An index is a list abstracted from original records, making it a secondary data source.)

Inferential statistics are used to describe events that have happened in the past

False. (Descriptive statistics describe the past; Inferential statistics are used to predict the future.)

Ratio level data has a "true zero," meaning the absence of the variable.

True. (Ratio data includes a zero that indicates the variable does not exist (e.g., $0 income), unlike Interval data.)

Data Analytics is the process of inspecting data to answer questions and reach conclusions.

True. (Data analytics involves evaluating groups of data to answer questions and develop conclusions.)

The "MDS" is the standard data set used for hospital inpatients.

False. (The MDS is for nursing homes; the UHDDS is for hospital inpatients.)

Ordinal data has a natural order, but the distance between the categories is unknown.

True. (While Ordinal data can be ranked, the mathematical difference between the ranks (intervals) cannot be measured.)

A nurse asks a patient to rate their pain from 1 to 10. Why is it statistically incorrect to say a pain level of 8 is "twice as much" as a 4?

Because pain scales are Ordinal data. (In Ordinal data, the intervals between numbers are not known or equal, so multiplication/ratios are invalid.)

A hospital administrator reviews last year's staffing hours to see if they stayed within budget. Is this Descriptive or Inferential statistics?

Descriptive Statistics. (The administrator is analyzing past data to describe what has already occurred.)

A researcher is studying whether "Time spent studying" affects "Test Scores." Which is the Independent Variable?

Time spent studying. (This is the variable chosen/varied by the researcher (the cause) to see if it changes the result.)

You are analyzing patient weights in kilograms. The value "0" would mean the patient has no weight. What level of data is this?

Ratio Level Data. (Weight is Ratio data because it has a true zero and allows for multiplication logic (e.g., 100kg is twice 50kg).)

A coder enters diagnosis codes into a database to create a state-wide report. Is the state-wide report Primary or Secondary data?

Secondary Data. (The report is summarized and abstracted from the original patient records, making it secondary data