APES APEX 4.2.6 Read Raven (9th edition) Human Populations

Highly developed country

They have lower population growth rate and infant mortality rate. But, they do have a high rate of industrialization, average per capita buying power, and longer life experiences.

Countries with highest birth rates

Africa

Less developed countries

They have a higher population growth rate and infant mortality rate. They have the shortest life expediencies with the lowest per capita buying power.

Replacement-level fertility

Replacement-level fertility is the number of children a couple has to produce on average to replace themselves. This number is estimated at 2.1 children.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The TFR is 2.5.

Culture's impact on fertility

It places an importance on fertility rates. People are expected by culture to have the amount of children prescribed.

Economic role of children

In some societies, high total fertility reflects their economic role of children as a source of labor.

Women's status and fertility rate

Women with lower status in any of these three categories have higher fertility rates compared to women with higher status in these three categories.

Marriage age and fertility

A woman's fertility rate rises the earlier she gets married.

Education of women and fertility

An educated woman may know how to control her fertility and improve her children's health.

Impact of family planning services on TFR

It has reduced replacement fertility levels. This was done with the usage of contraceptives in developed countries.

Government intervention in childbearing

Some governments may sponsor and pay for family planning, education, health care, and incentives for desired family size.

China's population-growth measures

They began pursuing birth control by encouraging later marriages. This spaced out children and limited the amount to two (1971). In 1979, they resorted to more aggressive measures to limit the production of children.

One-child policy effect on female children

It caused many female children to be killed because sons were more valued.

Mexico's early attitude toward population growth

They were originally pro-growth. But, they began improving education, family planning, and health care to reduce its TFR in the 1970s.

Impact of Mexico's population-limitation programs

They lowered their fertility rates by 4.5. In 1970 it was 6.7, in 2013, it was 2.2.

Millennium Development Goals origin

It originated from the gathering of 189 heads of states to address how to meet the needs of the world's poorest people in 2000.

Goal 3 impact on TFR

Goal 3 states that a woman has the right to decide if she will have kids and when. This allowed for women to choose to have fewer children, reducing the TFR.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of children under 1 years old.

Total fertility rate (TFR) definition

Average number of kids born to a woman during her lifetime.

Culture

The collection of customs and beliefs of a group of people at a particular time.

Gender inequality

Limited rights and privileges available to women compared to men.

Family planning services

Services that enable people to control how many kids they have.