Pharmacy Science HOSA

pharmacy

the art and science of preparing and dispensing medication

pharmakon

greek working meaning, "drug"

apothecary

Latin term for pharmacist; also used as a general term to refer to the early practice of pharmacy

compounding

producing, mixing, or preparing a drug by combining two or more ingredients

The Age of Antiquity

time of ancient human and the great ancient empires; 5000 BCE (BC) up through CE (AD) 499

Rx

recipe; take thou

Babylon

the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of apothecary practice

Mithradates VI

Mithradates the Great, king of Pontus and Armenia Minor from 120 BCE to 63 BCE

Mithradates' antidote

"universal antidote" for poisoning

Who did Mithradates used for testing poisons and antidotes?

his prisoners

father of toxicology

Mithridates

Who wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or native herb?

Shen Nung (2000 BCE)

patron god of native Chinese drug guilds

Shen Nung

two classes of Egypt pharmacy workers

echelons and chiefs of fabrication

echelons

gatherers and preparers of drugs

chiefs

head of pharmacy

Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC)

collection of 800 prescriptions that specifically mentions 700 unique drugs

Charaka Samhita (1000 BCE)

the work of multiple authors and was written in Sanskrit

Terra Sigillata

the first therapeutic agent; a small gray tablet, similar in size to an asprin

Father of Medicine

Hippocrates

Corpus Hippocraticum

written by Hippocrates; rejected the widely held view that illness was connected to mystical or demonic factors, it instead positioned medicine as a branch of science

theory of humors

the idea that an individual's health was supposed to be connected to the balance, or harmony, of four basic body fluids

four basic body fluids (Hippocrates)

blood (joyful/happy), phlegm (lethargic), yellow bile (irritable), dark or black bile (anger)

Hippocratic Oath

oath taken by modern physicians as which they pledge to "do no harm"

father of botany

Theophrastus

What did Theophrastus do?

classified plants according to their methods of growth, locales, sizes, and practical use

De Materia Medica

Pedanios Dioscorides writings which contained information on more than 600 plants and minerals; principal historical reference on the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, etc

Galen (130-200 CE)

wrote over 100 books; his principles for preparing and compounding medicines reigned in the Western world for 1,500 years

galenicals

naturally occurring medications and mechanically prepared preparation

the Middle Ages (Dark Ages)

500 CE through 1500 CE

monasteries

religious communities where pharmacy and medicine were practiced during the Middle Ages

What kind of gardens can be found at monasteries?

medicinal herb gardens

the first apothecaries

established by Arabs in the late eighteenth century separated the arts of the apothecary and physician

pharmacopoeia

a compilation or listing of pharmaceutical products that also contains their formulas and methods of preparation

prescriptions

an order, by an authorized individual, for the preparation or dispensing of a medication

Renaissance

1500-1600 CE; filled with scientific advancements

Guild of Grocers

monopolized the trade in drugs and spicers and maintained jurisdiction over the apothecaries

first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world

Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; provided apothecary products by selling imported drugs

Elizabeth Marshall

first female pharmacist

Benjamin Franklin

founded America's first hospital

Andrew Carnegie

America's first apothecary general

founders of the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA)

Daniel B. Smith and William Proctor Jr.

father of American Pharmacy

William Proctor Jr.

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing

father of modern genetics

Gregor Mendel

Alexander Fleming

discovered penicillin while studying the properties of staphlycocci

American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE)

autonomous agency that established standards for pharmacy education

biotechnology

a technique that uses living organisms to make or modify specific products

pharmacogenomics

the study of individual genetic differences in response to drug therapy

polio

highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord caused by a filterable virus; considered the most frightening public health epidemic in the 1950s

the traditional era

formulating and dispensing drugs

the scientific era

development of new drugs, scientific testing of the effects of drugs on the human body, new regulations pertaining to the efficiency of medications, and the mass production of synthetic drugs and antibiotics

the clinical era

dispensing information, warnings, and advice

the pharmaceutical care era

combination of the three eras; practice of pharmacy and the role of the pharmacists became focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drug related therapies.

Medication Therapy Management (MTM)

service that optimizes therapeutic outcomes for individual patients

profession

an occupation that requires advanced education and training

pharmacy

The profession of preparing and dispensing medications, as well as supplying drug-related information to patients and consumers

direct patient care

care provided to a patient that encompasses various aspects, including pharmaceutical care, counseling, patient education, and medication administration

pharmacist

educated, skilled individual licensed to practice pharmacy and dispense medications

pharmacy technician

educated, skilled individual trained to work in a pharmacy, under the supervision of a pharmacist

doctor of pharmacy (PharmD)

a doctoral degree in pharmacy practice

How many hours does a pharmacy residency usually last?

1,500 hours

North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX)

exam that pharmacists must pass in order to get their license

Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Examination (MPJE)

drug law exam

on-the-job training (OJT)

training methods in which a person with job experience and skill guides trainees in practicing job skills at the workplace

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)

accredits pharmacy technician training programs; has set the benchmark for standardized pharmacy technician curriculum and program guidelines

health-system pharmacy

common name for an institutional pharmacy

community pharmacy

name commonly used for ambulatory or retail pharmacy

ambulatory pharmacy

community based pharmacy; includes chain retail drugstores, grocery store pharmacies, home health care, mail-order facilities, and other pharmacies from which patients can obtain medications without living on-site

institutional pharmacy

a pharmacy found in places such as hospitals, long-term-care facilities, extended-living facilities, and retirement homes, which require patients to reside onsite

How many hours, on average, are pharmacies open?

24 hours

attitude

a way of acting, thinking, or feeling

attire

clothing

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

United States legislation that provides data privacy and security provisions for safeguarding medical information

compassion

a deep awareness of and sympathy for another's suffering

empathy

a feeling of concern and understanding for another's situation or feelings

registration

the process of listing or being named to a list

licensing

permission granted by a government entity for an individual to perform an activity

certification

recognition granted by a nongovernmental agency attesting that an individual has met the required levels of competency

Exam for Certification of Pharmacy Technicians (ExCPT)

one of the newest exams taken by pharmacists that has received the greatest recognition and acceptance

Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam (PTCE)

standardized national exam for pharmacy technicians to become certified

association

a group of individuals who voluntarily form an organization to accomplish a common purpose

American Association of Pharmacy Technicians (AAPT)

provides leadership and represents the interests of its members to the public, as well as healthcare organizations; promotes the safe, efficacious and cost effective dispensing

American Pharmacists Association (APhA)

first pharmacy association

National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA)

a national organization promoting pharmacy technicians

sender

the person who originates or imparts a communication message

message

the substance, or information, being transferred in communication

channel

a gesture, action, sound, written or spoken word, or visual image used in transmitting information

reciever

the person to whom a communication is sent

feedback

the return of information, or a message, in the communication process

context

the setting, or circumstances, in which communication occurs

verbal communication

the imparting or interchanging of thoughts, opinions, or information through the use of spoken words

inflection

alteration in pitch or tone of voice

pitch

the property of sound that is determined by the frequency of sound wave vibrations reaching the ear

volume

the loudness of a communication

pronunciation

the manner in which someone utters a word

diction

clarity and distinction of pronunciation in speech

written communication

the imparting or interchanging of thoughts, opinions, or information through the use of written words

nonverbal communication

the imparting or interchanging of thoughts, opinions, or information without the use of spoken words