Software and User Interfaces – Lecture Review

A set of question-and-answer flashcards covering definitions, categories, functions, interface types, utilities, and comparisons of software as presented in the lecture notes.

What is software in the context of computing?

A detailed set of instructions (programs) that direct a computer to convert data into information and perform specific tasks.

Name the two main categories of software.

System software and application software.

What is the primary role of system software?

To manage and control computer hardware so application programs can function independently of hardware details.

Give four common examples of system software components.

Operating systems, device drivers, utilities, and operating environments.

List three key functions of system software.

(1) Optimize hardware use, (2) provide common functions like language translation, sorting, copying, (3) offer a simple interface between user and hardware.

Define an operating system (OS).

A program that governs and manages computer resources and provides the main interface between the user and the hardware.

Why is an operating system essential at startup?

Without an OS the computer has no instructions to manage hardware; it is the first software the machine seeks when powered on.

Give five examples of operating systems mentioned in the notes.

Windows XP, Windows 2000, Unix, Linux, Macintosh OS, Windows ME, Windows NT, Novell NetWare, OS/2 (any five).

What is a utility program?

Software that helps manage, maintain, or control computer resources to keep the system running efficiently.

State four examples of utility programs.

Virus scanning software, backup software, Scandisk, disk defragmenter.

What is the purpose of virus-scanning software?

To detect, prevent, and remove computer viruses that can disrupt or destroy files and operating system software.

Why must virus-scanning software be updated regularly?

Updates include definitions for new viruses, ensuring continued protection.

What does backup software do?

Assists in making copies of files or an entire hard drive to prevent data loss.

What is Scandisk used for?

To scan disks for potential problems such as bad sectors on magnetic media.

How does a disk defragmenter improve performance?

By reorganizing scattered free space into contiguous blocks so data can be saved and accessed more efficiently.

List six functions of an operating system highlighted in the lecture.

1) Interface user and computer, 2) allow applications to talk to hardware, 3) manage memory and CPU time, 4) manage data transfer to peripherals, 5) handle system security, 6) allocate user rights, accounts, and passwords.

What is a user interface?

The visual and interactive elements (cursors, prompts, icons, menus) that a user sees when the computer is turned on and that enable interaction with the system.

Name the three user-interface styles discussed.

Command-driven interface, menu-driven interface, graphical user interface (GUI).

How does a command-driven interface operate?

The user types textual commands to execute operations, e.g., DIR in MS-DOS, ls in Linux.

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of a command-driven interface.

Advantage: Requires little RAM and is fast for experts. Disadvantage: Requires memorizing many commands; not beginner-friendly.

What defines a menu-driven interface?

The software displays a list of options; the user selects choices via keyboard or mouse.

Provide one advantage of a menu-driven interface.

Options are visible, making it easier for users who do not know command syntax.

What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?

An interface that lets users interact through visual elements like icons, windows, and pull-down menus (e.g., Microsoft Windows).

State two advantages of GUIs.

1) Easy for beginners—no need to learn commands. 2) Consistent look and feel across applications, aiding learning.

State two disadvantages of GUIs.

1) Require substantial RAM and disk space for graphics, 2) need significant processing power to refresh displays.

What does the acronym WIMP stand for?

Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing devices.

List three factors to consider when designing a user-friendly interface.

Consistency, screen positioning of items, appropriate use of colour (also sound options and availability of help).

What is application software?

Programs written to perform specific user tasks or solve problems, such as word processors or spreadsheets.

Identify the three categories of application software mentioned.

General-purpose (off-the-shelf), specialist, and tailor-made (bespoke).

Define bespoke (tailor-made) software.

Software developed to the exact specifications of a single client or organization for a specific task.

Give two advantages of bespoke software.

1) Fits unique requirements and workflows, 2) flexible and modifiable as needs change.

Give two disadvantages of bespoke software.

1) High dependence on developer’s continued support, 2) potential instability if not built to professional standards.

What is off-the-shelf software?

Ready-made software produced for a broad market and sold, leased, or licensed to the general public.

State one advantage and one disadvantage of off-the-shelf software.

Advantage: Lower cost due to mass distribution. Disadvantage: May contain many unused features and require users to adapt workflows.

In terms of price, how do bespoke and off-the-shelf software compare?

Off-the-shelf is usually inexpensive; bespoke software is relatively costly because it is built for one buyer.

How do software updates differ between bespoke and off-the-shelf products?

Off-the-shelf updates often require separate fees and follow vendor schedules; bespoke updates occur as the client needs and budgets allow.

Which type of software is ‘ready to roll’ immediately after installation?

Off-the-shelf software.

Which software type offers competitive differentiation, bespoke or off-the-shelf, and why?

Bespoke software, because it is unique to one organization, whereas off-the-shelf solutions are available to competitors.