1st Semester Final - Anatomy and Physiology

Respiratory system and Directional terms

Functions of the Respiratory System

Provides area for gas exchange, filters and warms air, produces sound, and aids in sense of smell

Thoracic Cavity

Contains heart and lungs

Serous Membrane

Two membranes lining thoracic cavity and the organs

Visceral Pleura

Covers surface of organs

Parietal Pleural

Covers walls pf the cavity

What is the naval cavity made of?

Epithelial Tissue

Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

Propels mucus towards throat where it can be swallowed

Paranasal Sinuses

Empty spaces in the frontal, sphenoid, and maxilla bones

Nasal Conchae

Force air flow over the largest surface area of the cilia possible (3 curved bones)

Pharynx is also called what?

Throat, for food and air

Nasopharynx

Superior part of the pharynx, below the nasal cavity

Oropharynx

Middle party of the pharynx

Laryngopharynx

Inferior part of the pharynx, above the larynx

Larynx is also called what?

The voicebox

Epiglottis

Flap that allows air to pass, opening when breathing and closed when eating

Vocal Cords

Vibrate to produce sound

Thyroid Cartilage

Anterior to larynx

Trachea

Windpipe

Cricoid Cartilage

Treachea cartilage, where they larynx joints trachea

Tracheal Cartilages

C-shaped, stiffen trachea and prevent closing

Bronchi

Lead to lungs

Right lung

Three lobes - Superior, middle, and inferior

Left Lung

Two lobes - Superior and Inferior

What is 1?

The Larynx

What is 2?

The Clavicle

What is 3?

The Superior Lobe

What is 4?

The Mediastinum

What is 5?

The Middle Lobe

What is 6?

The Inferior Lobe

What is 7?

The Pleural Space

What is 8?

The Diaphragm

What is 9?

The Trachea

What is 10?

The Primary Bronchi

What is 11?

The Secondary Bronchi

What is 12?

The Tertiary Bronchi

What is 13?

The Bronchiole

What is 14?

Visceral Pleura

What is 15?

The Parietal Pleura

What is 16?

The Base

What is 17?

The Apex

Alveoli

Gas exchange area with capillaries

Surfactant-Secreating Cells

Produce lipid that reduces surface tension of water, prevents alveoli from sticking on the interior

Machrophages

White blood cells, ‘eat’ bacteria (endocytosis)

Capillaries

Very small and thin allows for gas exchange, red blood cells pass in single-file line

What do premature babies not produce?

Serfectant

Pleural Fluid

In pleural space (between layers of pleura), reduces friction

Now look at this…

Wow Bailey, you’re so amazing for making this awesome study guide for us!

Pulmonary Ventilation

Breathing (air in and out of lungs)

External Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and lungs

Respiratory Gas Transport

O2 and CO2 to and from cells

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and cells in body

Breathing in(inspiration)…

Volume of lungs increases, pressure drops allowing air in, diaphragm contracts and moves down, intercostal muscles/ ribs expand

Breathing out(expiration)…

Lung volume decreases, pressure increases forcing air out, diaphragm relaxes and moves up, intercostal muscles relax

What should 2 be?

Nasal cavity

What should 4 be?

Oropharynx

What should 5 be?

Laryngopharynx

What should 7 be?

Larynx

What should 8 be?

Trachea

What should 10 be?

Secondary bronchi

What should 11 be?

Tertiary bronchi

What should 12 be?

Bronchioles

Proximal

Closer to origin or point of attachment

Distal

Away from the origin of attachment

Inferior (Caudal)

Away from the head

Superior (Cranial)

Toward the head

Anterior (Ventral)

More toward the front of the body

Posterior (Dorsal)

More toward the back of the body

Lateral

Away from the body’s midline

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Superficial (external)

Towards the body’s surface

Deep (Internal)

Further away from the body’s surface

Saggittal Plane

Divides body into left and right portions

Frontal Plan

Divides body into front and back

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

Divides body into top and bottom parts producing a cross section

Midsagittal

Sagittal division, equal left and right parts

Parasagittal

Sagittal division, UNequal left and right parts

1-12 would are what?

Conductive passageways

13 is also referred to what?

Respiratory membrane

The pallet

Separates the nasal and oral cavity

Functions for conductive passageways

Warms, moisten, and clean/ filter air

Charateristics of the right main bronchi

Larger diameter, more common to get clogged

Characteristics of left main bronichi

Longer, more horzontal

What constitute respiration?

Pulmonary ventalation, external ventilation, respiratory gas exchange, and internal respiration