Chapter 13-15 Flashcards

Flashcards reviewing key vocabulary from chapters 13-15.

Illness

Psychological experience of disease.

Disease

Objective indicator of an abnormal state.

Illness Identity

Part of the self composed of the meanings that person attach to the multiple roles that they play; the meaning that a person attaches to the role that illness plays in there life.

Primary Appraisal

Have some sort of an event, such as a diagnosis.

Secondary Appraisal

Evaluate our coping resources in the context of the illness & then we reappraise.

Reappraise

Reevaluate the components of the stress & coping cycle.

The Sick Role

Activities engaged in by people who believe themselves to be ill.

Lay Referral System

An informal network of family, friends, and others who offer their own experiences & advice regarding symptoms.

Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis)

The condition of experiencing abnormal anxiety over one’s health, often including imaginary symptoms.

Malingering

Making believe one is ill to benefit from sick role behavior.

Adherence

Following medical advice/ recommendations/orders.

Pain

Emotional and sensory discomfort that is usually but not always related to tissue damage.

Clinical Pain

Pain that requires some form of medical treatment.

Acute Pain

A sharp, stinging pain that is short-lived and usually related to tissue damage (burn, fracture, overused muscle).

Chronic Pain

Pain that endures beyond the time of normal healing; it can be continuous or intermittent, moderate or severe.

Recurrent Pain

Alternating episodes of intense pain followed by no pain.

Electromyography (EMGs)

Assess the amount of muscle tension experienced by pain suffers.

Pain Behavior Scales

Target behaviors including vocal complaints, facial grimaces, awkward postures, mobility.

McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)

Sensory, affective, evaluative qualities of pain.

Somatosensory System

Conveys sensory information from the body through the spinal cord to the brain.

Free Nerve Endings (Afferent Neurons)

Relay sensory information from sensory organ to the spinal cord then to the brain; respond to temperature, pressure, painful stimuli.

Nociceptor

A specialized neuron that responds to painful stimuli.

Fast Nerve Fibers (A-delta and A Beta Fibers)

Small myelinated fibers that transmit sharp pain.

Slow Nerve Fibers (C Fibers)

Unmyelinated nerve fibers involved in polymodal pain that transmits dull or aching pain.

Substantia Gelatinosa

The dorsal region of the spinal cord where both fast & slow pain fibers synapse with sensory nerves on their way to the brain. It modulates sensory input information.

Referred Pain

Pain in an area of the body that is sensitive to pain but caused by disease or injury in an area that has few pain receptors.

Substance P

A neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord that stimulate the transmission cells to send pain signals to the brain.

Glutamate

Continuously stimulates nerve ending at the site of an injury.

Endogenous Opioids

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, they are in nerve endings of cells in the brain & spinal cord that binds to opioid receptors.

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

Located in the midbrain and connects to substance P.

Phantom Limb Pain

Following amputation of a limb, false pain sensations that appear to originate in the missing limb.

Gate Control Theory

The idea that there is a neural “gate” in the spinal cord that regulates the experience of pain.

Neuromatrix

Pain is experienced by integrated factors; a neural network that integrates sensory information with emotion and cognitive states to determine a person's experience of pain.

Counterirritation

Analgesia in which one pain is relieved by creating another, counteracting stimulus.

Biofeedback

Is a technique for converting certain supposedly involuntary physiological responses such as skin temperature, muscle activity, heart rate, and blood pressure into electrical signals and providing visual or auditory feedback about them.

Cognitive Restructuring

To challenge illogical beliefs like catastrophizing, overgeneralizing, and dwelling on the pain.

Internal Dialogue

Maladaptive thoughts replaced with more positive thoughts.

Cognitive Distraction

Thoughts and feelings are distracted by images, sounds, etc., to distract painful experiences.

Guided Imagery

A form of self-hypnosis involving focused concentration and attention. Often used to supplement other techniques.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Use in practice of therapies or diagnostic techniques that fall outside of conventional biomedicine.

Holistic Medicine

Approach considers not only physical health but also the emotional spiritual, social, psychological well-being.

Whole Body Medical System

Traditional oriental medicine (acupuncture, Qi gong), systems of Native American, Middle Eastern cultures, naturopathy.

Mind & Body Medicine

Meditation, mindfulness, hypnosis, prayer, music, art therapy, yoga.

Natural Products

Herbs, special diets, supplements.

Manipulative and Body Based Therapy

Chiropractic, massage therapy.

Three Ideals of CAM

Provides health treatments that is natural, holistic, and that promotes.

Pain Tolerance

It's associated with psychological factors. Like expectations about an experience or the meaning of pain.

Pain Threshold

It's associated with physiological factors/biology, is the minimum intensity of a noxious stimulus that’s perceived as pain.

What is the social learning theory to pain

The social environment also shapes how pain is perceived and experienced. -       Cultural/societal reinforcement positive and negative shapes our expression of pain.

How can pain be socially constructed

Repeated strain injury. Once the injury becomes socially legit it becomes a big deal and people saw it increase in reporting

Pharmacological Treatments

Analgesic (pain-relieving) drugs are the mainstay of pain control. central acting” opioid drugs and “peripherally acting” nonopioid drugs

Opioid analgesics

Agonists (excitatory chemicals) that act on receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the intensity of pain messages or the brain’s response to pain messages. powerful and widely used opioid is morphine

Patient-controlled analgesia

possible solution to the tendency of many physicians to undermedicate pain

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and other drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation at the site of injured tissue

Prostaglandin

The chemical responsible for localized pain and inflammation; also causes free nerve endings to become sensitized

Surgery

Destroying cells in the thalamus may alleviate some deep, burning pain. often unpredictable

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

A counterirritation form of analgesia involving electrically stimulating spinal nerves near a painful area

counterirritation

Analgesia in which one pain is relieved by creating another, counteracting stimulus

What is biofeedback

Is a technique for converting certain supposedly involuntary physiological responses such as skin temperature, muscle activity, heart rate, and blood pressure into electrical signals and providing visual or auditory feedback about them

biofeedback Benefits

it has proven to be somewhat beneficial in treating stress related health problems such as migraine headaches, asthma, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, tendonitis, epileptic seizures and motion sickness

Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

A multidisciplinary pain-management program that combines cognitive, physical, and
emotional interventions. Used by 73 percent of clinicians who treat chronic pain

Cognitive Behavioral Therapies: Components

Education and goal-setting component is used to clarify clients’ expectations. Cognitive interventions to enhance patients’ self-efficacy and sense of control over pain. Teaching new skills for responding to pain triggers. Promote increased exercise and activity levels

Cognitive Restructuring

to challenge illogical beliefs like catastrophizing, overgeneralizing, and dwelling on
the pain

Internal dialogue

maladaptive thoughts replaced with more positive thoughts

Cognitive distraction

Thoughts and feelings are distracted by images, sounds, etc., to distract painful
experiences

Guided imagery

a form of self-hypnosis involving focused concentration and attention. Often used to supplement other techniques. Most effective with low to medium levels of pain intensity. A component of Lamaze training (prepared childbirth)

Meditation

Often helps relieve pain, sometimes significantly, but does not cure it. Seems to work best with chronic pain.

meditation effects these areas of the brain

Primary somatosensory cortex. Anterior insula, Anterior cingulate cortex, Prefrontal cortex

What is virtual reality and how is it used to treat pain

A form of cognitive distraction that has promising evidence for managing pain. It's a form of pain management that uses virtual reality to help patients manage their pain.

treatments to pain work the best: Multidisciplinary

combating cognitive, physical and emotional interventions of cognitive behavioral therapy CBT. Include analgesic drugs a judicious amount

treatments to pain work the best: Pain-management programs

Learn effective coping skills, increase self-efficacy and self-control. develop and rehearse a specific pain management program.

treatments to pain work the best :CBT effective for

The combination of biofeedback and relaxation works better on headache relief than either alone or compared to a placebo condition

What is complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)

use in practice of therapies or diagnostic techniques that fall outside of conventional biomedicine

holistic medicine

approach considers not only physical health but also the emotional spiritual, social, psychological well-being

conventional medicine

involve biochemically based medicine as practiced by holders of the medical doctors or doctors of osteopathy degrees and their allied health professionals

evidence-based medicine

uses the best research based evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

What are the domains of CAM: whole body medical system

traditional oriental medicine (acupuncture, Qi gong,  systems of Native American, Middle Eastern culture

What are the domains of CAM: naturopathy

healthy diet, fresh air, experience, exposure to sunlight

What are the domains of CAM: Mind & body medicine

mindfulness, hypnosis, prayer, music, art therapy, yoga

What are the domains of CAM: Transcendental Meditation

directs people to focus on a single thought or sound to get relaxation

What are the domains of CAM: mindfulness meditation

focus practitioners to focus on the moment and becoming mindful of the details in their current experience

What are the domains of CAM: traditional Chinese medicine

practitioners use 7 techniques to bring balance and restore health. acupuncture, acupressure. Qigong which aligns breathing moments in awareness used for bringing balance slow movement

What are the domains of CAM: Natural products

herbs, special diets, supplements

other CAM practices

therapeutic touch, Reiki, use of magnets, Pilates

What are the ideals of CAM

Back to nature backlash against modern technology, science, biomedical, Overspecialization and the fragmentation of modern medicine. biomedical may fight illnesses but generally don't focus on producing an optimal state of vitality. Medicine, vitalism, traditional oriental medicine

Who is most likely to use CAM

most likely going to be well educated female white, Some immigrants that hold those traditions

What illness is CAM most likely to be used for

used primarily for back problems, anxiety, depression and headaches

For what reasons to people most likely seek out CAM

if they accept the biopsychosocial view of health. It will work faster in combo with conventional treatments. If problems are being fixed by conventional methods. Similar reasons for CAM growth as health psychology grows

Differences in perspective: biomedical approach

biomedical researchers demand evidence for controlled trials

Differences in perspective: CAM practitioners

often claim that treatment variables cannot be studied independently

Differences in focus: biomedical approach

cure, a disease, rid of a pathogen with treatment

Differences in focus: CAM

social emotional and spiritual being very subjective. Focus on the overall quality of the patient's life so it is harder to meticulously study and relate because some of it is subjective

What are the limitations of CAM research thus far

evidence is often based on informal case studies. patient expectations and placebo

limitations of CAM: Anecdotal Evidence

little or no subjective documentation regarding a patient's diagnosis or effectiveness of a treatment

limitations of CAM: self report and single outcome measures

limited ability to measure cause and effect and control outlying variables

What is a placebo

psychological with physical symptoms they can also work by stimulating the release of opioids. Patients report a decrease in pain after taking placebo they show decreased activity in the pain sensitive regions of the brain

alternative explanations of the effects of placebo

decreased anxiety, may tap a natural inner pharmacy of self healing substance, through classical conditioning. any medical procedures can have a this effect, critics contend that CAM is entirely possible based

CAM therapies have some evidences for their effectiveness: Anxiety, stress and depression

Mindfulness, meditation, acupuncture. St. John's Wort: depression

CAM therapies have some evidences for their effectiveness:Pain

meditation helps with chronic pain. Guided imagery, traditional Chinese medicine. Qigong, Tai chi, acupuncture, hypnosis especially acute pain

What is acupuncture

Founded on the principle that internal harmony is essential for good health. 14 meridians of qi, blockage/deficiencies, decrease in activity in the limbic system, Decrease activity in the pain pathways