KIN 307 UAB

Kinesiology

study of human motion or human movement

Anatomic Kinesiology

study of the human musculoskeletal system and musculotendinous system

Structural Kinesiology

study of muscles as they are involved in the science of movement

American Kinesiology Association’s definition of kinesiology

the academic discipline which involves the study of physical activity and its impact on health, society, and quality of life

Reference/Anatomical position

Standing upright, arms at the sides, head facing forward, feet facing forward, and palms facing forward

Anatomical fundamental/functional position

Standing upright, arms at the sides, head facing forward, feet facing forward, and palms facing towards the body

mid-axillary line

a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the apex of the axilla (armpit)

anterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the anterior axillary skin-fold

posterior axillary line

a line that is parallel to the mid- axillary line and passes through the posterior axillary skin-fold

mid-clavicular line

a line running vertically down the surface of the body passing through the midpoint of the clavicle

mid-inguinal point

a point midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis

anteroposterior

relating to both the front and rear

dexter

relating to, or on the right side of something

sinister

relating to, or on the left side of something

plane of motion

an imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved

motion occurs -------- revolving around an ----

in or through a plane, axis

What is the relationship between a plane and an axis?

a perpendicular 90° relationship

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into medial and lateral parts

frontal/coronal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse plane

horizontal plane that divided the body into inferior and superior parts

Where does motion occur in the sagittal plane?

frontal axis, flexion and extension, sit ups

Where does motion occur in the frontal/coronal plane?

sagittal axis, adduction and abduction, jumping jacks

Where does motion occur in the transverse plane?

Superior-inferior axis, pronation and supination, turning a door knob

Upper body diagonal planes of movement

movement occurs at shoulder joint; high diagonal (overhand throw), low diagonal (underhand throw)

Lower body diagonal planes of movement

movement occurs at hip joint; low diagonal (kicking motion)

mid-sagittal plane/median plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

center of mass

the point at which all three mid-cardinal planes intersect

center of mass (bio-mechanical definition)

the point about which all mass acts

Do movements occur alone or in pairs?

In pairs, they normally always have an opposite movement

flexion

reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

extension

increases the angle between two bones at a joint

abduction

moving a segment away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving segment toward the midline of the body

pronation

when the palm is moved to face posteriorly

supination

when the palm is moved to face anteriorly

medial rotation

rotation towards the midline

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

circumduction

a cone of movement that does not include any rotation, a combination of abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension

dorsiflexion

bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

plantar-flexion

pushing the top of the foot away from the lower leg or shin

inversion

when the sole is turned inward (as when you “roll" on your ankle)

eversion

when the sole is turned outward or away from the median plane of the body

appendicular skeleton

arms, legs, hip bones, clavicles, and scapulae

axial skeleton

head, ribs, and spine

Functions of the skeletal system:

* protection of the heart, brain, etc
* support to maintain posture
* Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
* mineral storage for calcium and phosphorus
* hematopoises

Hematopoiesis

process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

components of articular cartilage

smooth surface for the movement of joints, reduces friction, and provides cushion for shock absorption

composition of bone

spongy bone (trabecular or cancellous bone) and compact bone (cortical bone)

red bone marrow contains:

erythropoiesis and platelet formation

what does the strength of bone depend on?

activity

bones of the skeleton are connected by?

joints

periosteum

membrane covering the surface of bone

contents of bone:

blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

osteoblasts

bone forming cells

osteoclasts

bone reabsorbing cells

epiphyseal/growth plate

thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses

bone weight composed of calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate

60-70%

bone weight composed of water

25-30%

composition of bone made of organic materials (cells, collagen, etc)

35%

composition of bone made of inorganic materials (mineral salts)

65%

colagen

provides some flexibility & strength in resisting tension; provide \n strength but lack flexibility

mineral

provides structure but alone is too brittle

Wolff’s Law

Bones reshape themselves based upon the stresses placed upon them

Where does longitudinal growth occur?

epiphyseal plate (stops between ages 18-25)

How does circumferential growth occur?

increased cross sectional area and remains metabolically active throughout lifespan (action increases it’s size)

condyle

a rounded process of a bone that articulates with another bone

epicondyle

a small condyle

facet

small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone, generally an articular surface

foramen

a hole in a bone through which nerves or vessels pass

fossa

a shallow dish-shaped section of a bone that provides space for an articulation with another bone or serves as a muscle attachment

process

a bony prominence

tuberosity

a raised section of bone to which a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches; usually created or enlarged by the stress of the muscle’s pull on that bone during growth

elastin

can stretch and provide flexibility to return to their former shape but lack strength

tendons

connect muscle to bone

ligaments

connect bone to bone

long bones

Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends; shaft of bone contains the medullary canal

short bones

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally \n large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bones

flat bones

Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin

irregular bones

Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla

sesamoid bones

Small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection & improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units

tension

The tissue is loaded along its long axis pulling the tissue in opposite directions

compression

The tissue is loaded along the long axis pushing the tissue towards the center

bending

Forces acting in opposite directions causing tension on the longer side and compression on the smaller side (the side with tension will break first)

shear

Forces acting in opposite directions across the long axis of the tissue

torsion

Forces cause a rotation force along the long axis of the tissue

diarthrodal

freely movable

Amphiarthrodial

slightly moveable

Synarthrodial

immovable

joint

the location at which two or more bones connect or come into contact with each other

articulation

the connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones

Arthrology

scientific study of joints concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints

fibrous joint

joined by collagen (example: sutures of the skull)

cartilaginous joint

joined by cartilage (example: manubrio-sternal joint)

synovial joint

not directly joined – the bones have a synovial \n membrane, synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid, articular \n capsule and associated connective tissue and ligaments (example: hip and shoulder joint)

simple joint

two surfaces articulate (example: phalanges’ joint)

compound joint

three or more surfaces articulate (example: wrist joint)

complex joint

two or more surfaces articulate in addition to the presence of an articular disc or meniscus (example: knee joint)

synarthroidal

immovable; example: sutures, gomphosis

amphiarthroidal

slightly moveable; examples: syndesmosis, symphysis, synchondrosis

diarthroidal

freely moving; no direct connective tissue link between articulating surfaces examples: plane (gliding), ginglymus (hinge), trochoid (pivot), condyloid (ellipsoid), saddle, ball and socket