AP human geography unit 3

lingua franca

a common language used by people who do not share the same native language

globalization

refers to the increased integration of the world since the 1970s

cultural convergence

cultures are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits

cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, modern technology create divisions and changes.

language family

languages that share a common ancestral language

language tree

a visual diagram in historical linguistics that show how languages are related

dialect

variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling

isogloss

boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage.

ethnic religion

belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers

universalizing religion

open to all people regardless of their ethnicity, language, social status, or nationality

acculturation

immigrant group adopting a new areas values and practices while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture

assimilation

when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

syncretism

fusion or blending of 2 distinctive culture traits to create a hybrid

why languages and religions spread,

migration, conquest, trade, colonization, power.

how languages and religions spread

diffusions.

most major globalized languages

• English

• French

• Spanish

• Arabic

Most spoken languages

• English

• Mandarin

• Hindi

• Spanish

• French

• Arabic

stimulus diffusion

when an underlying idea from a cultures hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modifies or rejects a trait

relocation diffusion

spread of culture and/or cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them

expansion diffusion

spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration.

4 types: stimulus, contagious, hierarchical, reverse hierarchical

contagious diffusion

cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

hierarchical diffusion

spread of culture outward from the most inter connected places or from the wealthy and the rich who have influence.

reverse hierarchical

a trait diffuses from a group of lower status to a group of higher status

urbanization and globalization

influences culture through media, technological change, politics, economics, and social relationships.

communication technologies and globalization

communication technologies have allowed the globalization of popular culture through multiple methods of spatial diffusion

time-space convergence

the greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation.

religion compared to culture

religion is relatively resistant to decay over time & distance

EX: descendants of immigrants often adopt a new language but continue to practice the faith of their ancestors.

polytheistic

a type of religion that has many gods

monotheistic

a type of religion that has only one god

eastern religions

Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism

middle eastern religions

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Hinduism; hearth & type of diffusion

Pakistan

• Expansion across India

• relocation in USA & Europe

Buddhism; hearth & type of diffusion

Nepal

• Contagious, teachings spread throughout east and southeast Asia

• Relocation throughout the world

Sikhism; hearth & type of diffusion

Punjab

• contagious

• relocation in Britain and USA

Judaism; hearth & type of diffusion

Israel

• Relocation to North America and Europe, forced by Romans

• Relocation, Returned to Israel

Christianity; hearth & type of diffusion

Eastern Mediterranean and southeast Asia

• contagious: Middle East, Europe, and Central Asia

• hierarchical, forcing people

• relocation and expansion, imperialism

Islam; hearth & type of diffusion

southwest Asia

-Contagious, trading and conquest to Spain, Africa, Asia.

Glocalization

a form of syncretism that involves the creation of products or services for the global market by adapting to local cultures.