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memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
encoding
getting information into your memory
storage
the retention of information over time
retrieval
getting information out of memory storage
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information
short-term memory
memory that holds a few items for a short amount of time
long-term memory
the permanent and limitless storage of memory over time
working memory
memory that allows us to perform tasks by combining sensory information with long-term memories
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information and of well-learned information
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal
conscious repetition or practice
elaborative rehearsal
a deep learning strategy that transfers information to long-term memory by actively connecting new concepts to existing knowledge, creating meaningful associations, and adding personal context
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
self reference effect
people remember information better and more accurately when they relate it to themselves
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
maintenance rehearsal
the technique of repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term/working memory for immediate use
visual encoding
remembering from seeing
acoustic encoding
remembering from hearing
semantic encoding
remembering from meaning
imagery
mental pictures
mnemonics
memory aids
method of loci
a mnemonic technique in which the items to be remembered are converted into mental images and associated with specific positions or locations
chunking
breaking information up into smaller pieces
schema
a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
categorization
the fundamental cognitive process of grouping objects, ideas, or people with shared features into mental categories to simplify the world
parallel processing
processing two or more things at the same time
testing effect
memory is improved when it is frequently tested
recency effest
remembering the last item in a list
primacy effect
remembering the first item in a list
rosy retrospection
the tendency to remember things as better than they actually were
hierarchies
outlining information
Ebbinghaus relearning curve
as rehearsal time increases, relearning time decreases