APWH Semester 1 Vocab

Scientific Revolution

period in which significant advancements were made in scientific thought and methodology

Enlightenment Movement

an intellectual revolution in the late 1700s that used observation, reason, and logic to solve problems, especially social issues

Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric model

Galileo Galilei

Advocated for heliocentrism using telescopes; father of modern science

Divine Right Rule

Kings/royals right to rule originating from God

Absolute Power

Complete control over the government and the lives of the citizens.

Natural Rights

Life, liberty, property

John Locke

Believed people to have natural rights and government gets consent to rule by the people

Montesquieu

Believed monarchs should use their power for the best of the people and Separation of Power

Rousseau

Believed everyone had equal rights, general will, and the social contract

Separation of Power

Dividing government power and responsibility into three branches

Social Contract

unwritten agreement between ruler and ruled; people give up freedom for protection by government

Declaration of Independence

Document to break ties with Britain

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote Declaration of Independence using Enlightenment ideals

Grievances

Formal complaints or concerns raised by individuals or groups

Stamp Act

Forced all documents to use expensive stamps

Townshend Revenue Act

Taxed items Americans couldn’t use themselves

Intolerable Act

Cracked down on any activity deemed rebellious

Quartering Act

Forced certain colonists to let British Troops in their homes

Mercantilism

Economic theory centered around maximizing profits

U.S. Constitution

Established America's national government and fundamental laws

Bill of Rights

Created to protect individual freedoms

Amendment

A formal change or addition proposed to a law or constitution

Elastic Clause

Allows Congress to create necessary laws for future issues

Louis XVI

Known for living lavishly

Marie Antoinette

Known for living lavishly

Palace of Versailles

Resperesnetitive of French power and absolute monarchy

3 Estates

Unfair social classes involving major wealth gaps; large majority in 3rd estate

Divine Right

Belief God placed certain people in power

Bourgeoisie

Middle class during the Industrial Revolution

National Assembly

Political body formed during early stages of French Revolution to represent the people

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Asserts all men are born free and equal in rights

Olympe De Gouge

Marie Gorge under pseudonym; Feminist playwright and political activist

Declaration of Rights of Woman and Citizen

Document asserting women’s rights and equality

French National Convention

Revolutionary assembly governing French during the French Revolution

Reign of Terror

Period during french revolution marked with extreme violence against enemies of the revolution

Napoleonic Wars

Series of wars involving Napoleon‘s empire and European Nations

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain; 1st in hierarchy

Creoles

Spanish descent in Americas; 2nd in hierarchy

Mestizos

European and Native American descent; 3rd in hierarchy

Mulattoes

European and African descent; 4th in hierarchy

Native Indians

Those who worked on estates or mines; 5th in hierarchy

Slaves

Originating from Africa; 6th in hierarchy / lowest in hiearchy

Napoleon Invaded Spain

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of Haitan Revolution

Haiti

First Revolution in Latin America and led by slaves

Miguel Hidalgo

Leader in the Mexican Revolution and priest

Jose Morelos

Leader in the Mexican Revolution and priest

Agustin de Iturbide

Leader in the Mexican Revolution

Viceroy

Simon Bolivar

Led the Venezuelan uprising; inistally defeated

Jamaica Letter

Jose de San Martin

Creole that aided Argentinian and Chilean independence

Gran Colombia

Powerful official representing monarch in a colony

Caudillo

Political or military leader in Latin America who gained power after independence

Dom Pedro

Founder and first ruler of Brazil