The cerebrum

What happens in the cerebrum

Perception
Voluntary movement
Language
Spatial relationships
Utilizing visual information
Making decisions
Consciousness
Emotions
Mind-body interactions
Memory

What makes up the cerebrum

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon

What makes up the diencephalon

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

What is the primary function of the thalamus

Regulate the flow of information to the cortex

What are the three main functional groups of nuclei with the thalamus

Relay
Association
Non-specific

What does the relay function group do

Takes info from the sensory systems, BG, and cerebellum

Where is the relay functional group located

Ventral tier of lateral nuclear group

What does the association functional group do

Deals with sensory integration, emotional, and memory information

Where is the association functional group located

Anterior nuclei, medial thalamus, dorsal tier

What does the non specific functional group do

Regulates consciousness, arousal and attention

Where is the non specific functional group located

Reticular, midline, and intralaminar nuclei

VPL

Somatosensation from the body

VPM

Somatosensation from the face

VA

Relays info from BG to cortex

VL

Relays info from cerebellum to cortex

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

Thirst and hunger mechanisms
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Emotional expression
Regulation of circadian rhythms
Endocrine regulation

What are the functions of the epithalamus

Regulation of circadian rhythms
Influence secretions

What are the functions of the subthalamus

Part of BG circuit
Regulation of movement and motor output
Increases the inhibitor effect of output of BG output nuclei

Projection fibers

From the cortex to spinal cord, BG, thalamus, brainstem

Commissural fibers

Connect homologous area

Association fibers

Connect cortical regions

Cerebral cortex

Outer surface of cerebral hemispheres
Mostly cell bodies

Layer I (molecular)

Most superficial layer
Few nerve cell bodies
Many dendritic and axonal processes

Layer II (Ext. granular)

Contains many small neurons
Establish intracortical connections

Layer III (Ext. pyramidal)

Medium-sized neurons
Associated and commissural fibers

Layer IV (Int. Granular)

Site of termination of afferent fibers

Layer V (Int. Pyramidal)

Origin of projection fibers
In the primary motor cortex of frontal lobe
Contains the giant Betz cells

Layer VI (Multiform)

Association and projection neurons

Brodmann’s Areas

52 different areas

Brodmann’s number for: primary somatosensory

3,1,2

Brodmann’s number for: secondary somatosensory

5,7

Brodmann’s number for: primary vision

17

Brodmann’s number for: secondary vision

18

Brodmann’s number for: primary auditory

41

Brodmann’s number for: secondary auditory

42

Brodmann’s number for: Broca’s speech area

44,45

Brodmann’s number for: Wernike’s language area

22

Brodmann’s number for: primary motor cortex

4

Brodmann’s number for: premotor/supplementary motor

6,8

Brodmann’s number for: prefrontal

9-12

Function of primary somatosensory

Discriminates shape, texture, or size

Function of primary auditory

Discrimination of loudness and pitch

Function of primary visual

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location

Function of primary vestibular

Discriminates head positions and head movements

Function of somatosensory association

Stereognosis of memory

Function of visual association

Analysis of motion and color

Function of auditory association

Classification of sounds

Function of primary motor cortex

Voluntary controlled movements

Functions of premotor area

Anticipatory postural adjustments

Function of supplementary motor area

Initiation of movement
Orientation planning

Function of Broca’s area

Motor programming of speech
Left hemispheres

Function of Area analogous to Broca’s in opposite hemisphere

Planning nonverbal communication
Right hemisphere

Association areas: prefrontal

Executive functions
Deciding, planning, executing, monitoring

Association areas: parietotemporal

Problem solving
Comprehension
Communication
Spatial relationship

Association areas: limbic

Mood
Affect
Some memory

Components of the limbic system

Hypothalamus
Anterior and medial nuclei of thalamus
Limbic cortex
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal forebrain

Functions of the limbic system

Memory/Motivation
Olfaction
Visceral: ANS responses
Emotion

Psychological and Somatic Interactions

Stress response
Magnified in individuals with CNS damage
Prolonged cortisol release and immune system depression can cause illness

Which side of the brain mainly controls communication

Left hemisphere

Wernicke’s area

Comprehension of language

Broca’s area

Instructions for language output

What does the right hemisphere correspond with

Nonverbal communication

Sequence of communication processing

Primary auditory cortex
Auditory association cortex
Wernicke’s area
Subcortical connections
Broca’s area
Oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex

Spatial awareness

Right hemisphere corresponds with Wernicke’s
Body schema, body relation to surroundings, spatial orientation