PSYC 327 Counseling & Psychotherapy

Includes: Freud Psychosexual Stages,

Oral

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

birth - 1.5 years

Anal

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

1.5 - 3 years

Phallic

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

3 - 6 years

IPT Assumption

Psychopathology is expressed interpersonally

IPT Assumption

Interpersonal situations and internal experiences are causes of each other

IPT Assumption

People have both the desire to be unique and part of a community

IPT Assumption

Interpersonal actions have reciprocal effects

Oral

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

key issue - dependency

Oral

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

underindulgence - distrustful and pessimistic of others

Oral

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

overindulgence - naive and overly trusting

Anal

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

key issue - control

Anal

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

overly-demanding parents - “control freaks”

Anal

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

overly-lenient parents - lax about organization

Phallic

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

key issue - self worth/view of self

Phallic

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

children seek to have special, close relationship with parents

Phallic

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

parents too positive - child is arrogant/egotistical

Phallic

Freud Psychosexual Stage:

parents too negative - child is insecure/self doubting

Congruence

Client’s ideal and real self match up

Incongruence

Mismatch between ideal and real self

Feeling

“I” Statement (1)

Reason

“I” Statement (2)

Request

“I” Statement (3)

Partial responsibility/offer help

“I” Statement (bonus)

First ask permission

Giving Advice: F

Offer ideas (not persuasion)

Giving Advice: O

Concise (not rambling)

Giving Advice: C

Use a menu

Giving Advice: U

Solicit what the person thinks

Giving Advice: S

Affirmation

Commenting on client’s good qualities in a genuine manner

Simple

Reflection stays very close to what the person said

Paraphrase

Reflection that moves beyond client’s words, presenting info in a new light

Amplified

Reflection that over (and under?)states what the client said

Double-sided

Reflection that acknowledges both sides of the argument (use of and, not but)

Affective

Reflection that addresses emotion either expressed or implied

1

Step of operant conditioning:

• organism “operates” on environment

  • ex. “Kid complains about doing chores”

2

Step of operant conditioning:

• notices consequences of behavior

  • ex. “mom gets tired of complaining and I don’t have to do chores”

3

Step of operant conditioning:

• incorporates consequences into decisions about future behavior

  • ex. “when I’m asked to do a chore. I will complain”

Contingency

internal “if then” statement. product of operant conditioning

• ex. “If I complain, I will get out of doing chores”

Stimulus Hierarchy

List of increasingly fear-provoking activities listed on a scale of 1-100. Often used in exposure therapy

• ex. seeing a hotdog in a magazine (20) vs buying gas station hot dog and eating it (95)

Systematic Desensitization

Type of Exposure Therapy:

• Exposure of gradually intense stimuli using stimulus hierarchy

Flooding

Type of Exposure Therapy:

• Immediate, prolonged, and intense exposure of stimulus

• Needs a lot of buy-in from patient to work

Positive Reinforcement

Consequence that adds something desired

Negative Reinforcement

Consequence that removes something undesired

Positive Punishment

Consequence that adds something undesired

Negative Punishment

Consequence that removes something desired

Extinction

Removal of expected reinforcement

Activating Event

Albert Ellis: A

Belief

Albert Ellis: B

Consequence

Albert Ellis: C

Dispute

Albert Ellis: D

Effective new belief

Albert Ellis: E

New feeling

Albert Ellis: F

Schema

Cognitive patterns that determines how we interpret a situation

Filters that (automatically) influence how we see ourselves

Negative view of self

Beck’s Cognitive Triad (1)

Negative view of the world/environment

Beck’s Cognitive Triad (2)

Negative view of the future

Beck’s Cognitive Triad (3)

Arbitrary Inference

Cognitive Distortion: Drawing negative conclusions from insufficient evidence

Selective Abstraction

Cognitive Distortion: Focusing on negative details or events while ignoring positive ones

Overgeneralization

Cognitive Distortion: Drawing sweeping conclusions based on one incident

Catastrophizing

Cognitive Distortion: Exaggerating the importance of a minor setback

Personalizing

Cognitive Distortion: Assuming everything someone else does/says is related to you

Black and White Thinking

Cognitive Distortion: Seeing things in extreme terms (e.g., fantastic or awful; success or failure)

Collaborative

Relationship between client and therapist

Change behavior, not thoughts

Goal of behavior therapy

Classical conditioning

• uncontrolled stimulus evokes uncontrolled response

• uncontrolled stimulus and neutral stimulus are paired

• neutral stimulus becomes controlled stimulus

• controlled stimulus evokes controlled response

  • ex. Pavlov’s dogs

Operant conditioning

• organism operates on environment

• organism notices consequences of behavior

• incorporates consequences into decision about future behavior

• contingency (internal “if-then” statement) is made

  • Kid asked to do chore

Behavior activation

Treatment for depression. Based on idea that people with depression lack positive reinforcement

Goal → Increase frequency of reinforcing behaviors

• ex. Pleasure and mastery assignment