APUSH: Unit 4 test - Key Terms

Abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

Agricultural Specialization

western farmers began to concentrate on growing a single crops for market

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Amistad

an 1839 incident when African captives on board revolted against their captors, leading to a legal case that highlighted issues of slavery, human rights, and ultimately resulted in the Africans being declared free and allowed to return to their homeland.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

Canal Age

Period of time in which numerous water transportation canals were built

Charles Grandson Finney

the most famous evangelist during the Second Great
Awakening

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

Corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

Cult of Honor

Importance of southern white male to keep their dignity, authority and manhood. This often took the form of avenging insults, which was a social necessity and the gentlemen's obligation. An example of this is the scenario with Senators Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner.

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

De Bow's Review

A magazine that strongly advocated the southern commercial and agricultural expansion. However, shows dependency of the South on the North: had to be printed in the North because the South had no adequate facilities, always ran ads for Northern companies, and never achieved the circulation of Northern magazines

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality.

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)

Free Labor

the northern belief that slavery was dangerous not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites, they argued that at the heart of American democracy was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement.

Gabriel Prosser

in 1800, he gathered 1000 rebellious slaves outside of Richmond; but 2 Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin, along with 35 others he was executed.

Gang system

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil

Henry Melville

was a novelist that began to change the tone of American literature; wrote Moby Dick

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

Immigrant labor

came in large numbers, unskilled workers, extremely low wages, performed jobs no one else wanted, 14 hour work day

Interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

International Slave Trade

After this closed in 1808; slaves continued to be sold and traded in the Internal Slave Trade

Domestic Slave Trade

the trade of enslaved people among states of the United States

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Know Nothings

the American Party; anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic

Limited liability laws

Individual stockholders risked losing only the value of their own investment if a corporation should fail, and that they were not liable for the corporation's larger losses

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Machine tools

machines that made parts for other machines

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

Middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

P. T. Barnum

Opened the American Museum in NY, and put on freak shows for entertainment.

Paternalism

A policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights.

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Protestants revivalism

refers to religious movements and gatherings that aimed to rekindle the spiritual zeal of Protestant Christianity. These revivals featured emotional meetings, influential preachers, and had a lasting impact on American society, contributing to social reform movements and the growth of evangelical Christianity.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Supreme Court case in which Edward Prigg appealed to the US Supreme Court on the grounds that the Pennsylvania law arrogated the State powers over and above those allowed by the US Constitution The court held that Federal law is superior to State law, and overturned the conviction of Prigg as a result.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship ((1765-1815)

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph

Sarah and Angelica Grimke

involved in abolition, born to slave owning family, then became abolitionists, they made speeches against slavery, 1837, focus on biggest issues facing women, focus was on women not being able to be married, thought marriage was womens main concern, want a stable marriage, women were to please

Sarah Bagley

organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in the 1849s. The group petitoned for the state legislature that there was a 10 hours workday

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Shakerism

a religious faith that believed in sexual equality, and a god that was not male or female; practiced celibacy

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Slave family

The family unit in slave communities, though marriages were not legally recognized; slaves being resold was a constant threat to familial unity.

Slave music

Music created by slaves for the purpose of religion, work and recreation

Social Mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

Steel plow

Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Temperance crusade

Supported mostly by women and employers. Alcohol was viewed as an inhibitor to performance in families and factories; Women's Christian Temperance Union formed; pressed for legislative abolition of saloons.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Truck farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities.

Utopian societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-slavery society

Women's "separate sphere"

a distinctive female culture began to develop