Bio- respiratory and digestive systems

homeostasis

the ability of a body to maintain a constant environment

nasal cavity

passage from the nostrils to the back of the throat where air enters the body

pharynx

passageway that connects the back of the mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus

epiglottis

flap of cartilage that prevents food or water from entering the trachea

trachea

tube where air moves from the mouth to the bronchi, has cartilage rings to prevent collapsing

bronchi

passageways that branch from the trachea to the lungs, contains cartilage rings

bronchioles

passageway from the bronchi to the alveoli

lung

organ that supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

diaphragm

sheet of muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities

inspiration

movement of air into the lungs

expiration

movement of air out of the lungs

tidal volume

volume of air inspired and expired during regular breathing

inspiratory reserve volume

the additional volume of air that could be taken into the lungs beyond regular breathing

expiratory reserve volume

the additional volume of air that could be forced out of the lungs beyond regular expiration

vital capacity

total amount of gas that can be moved in or out of lungs

residual volume

amount of gas left in your lungs after expiration

mouth

part of the digestive system where ingestion occurs

salivary glands

produces saliva, secretes enzymes

esophagus

muscular portion of the digestive tract that directs food from the mouth to the stomach

stomach

j-shaped sac whose muscles and acid break down food and push it into the small intestine

small intestine

mechanical and chemical digestion are used, this is where most absorption occurs

large intestine

re-absorption of water and salt, produces B12 and K, concentrates and eliminates waste

liver

accessory organ found in the abdomen that secretes bile to digest fats

pancreas

gland in the abdomen that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine

gallbladder

organ that stores bile produced by the liver

rectum

the end part of the large intestine that connects the colon to the anus

anus

the end part of the digestive system where whatever matter was not digested gets released from the body

mechanical processing

the break down of food through chewing or churning

chemical processeing

chemical breakdown of food by enzymes and other digestive juices

salivary amylase

glucose-polymer enzyme produced from the salivary glands that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

pepsin

protein digesting enzyme secreted from the stomach

hydrochloric acid

helps to break down proteins and absorb nutrients

bile

a fluid that helps digestion that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

lipase

pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fatty acids

bicarbonate

neutralizes stomach acid after digestion has taken place

negative feedback

a feedback system that makes a variable come back to its normal level

positive feedback

a system that regulates homeostasis and causes a variables levels to increase

enzyme

a protein that increases the speed that chemical reaction take place to digest

saliva

fluid in the mouth produced by the salivary glands that helps to break down and digest starch

bolus

lump of chewed food that is rolled down by the tongue into the esophagus

segmentation

the process where mechanical digestion occurs in the small intestine

vili

ridges in the small intestine that increases the surface area to increase the speed of digestion and absorb more nutrients

microvili

the cells on the villi that increase surface area

esophigal splinter

muscular ring in between the stomach and esophagus that controls entry of food

trypsin

enzyme that breaks down proteins

chymotrypsin

an enzyme found in the doudenum produced by the pancreas that helps to digest proteins

pancreatic amylase

helps to break down starches into sugars

gas exchange

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood in your body

cellular respiration

series of energy releasing chemical reactions that take place in the cells

larynx

protects the respiratory tract from getting food stuck in it while inhaling

pleural membrane

double layered membrane that encases the lungs giving them the ability to expand and contract

rib muscles

work with the diaphragm to move air in and out of lungs

spirograph

graph representing amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath

peristalisis

a series of muscular contractions and relaxations that moves food through the digestive system