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respiratory system
a biological system responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment, for homeostasis and energy production. it is composed of various organs and structures, whicu vary among different animal species.
respiratory system
it has different functions such as: gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, temperature regulation, and defense mechanism
pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
phase of respiration
the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)
inspiration
air enters the bodt through the nose or mouth, traveling down the trachea and into the bronchi, branching into smaller bronchioles and the alveoli
expiration
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, pushing air out of the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide
external respiration
phase of respiration
gas exchange between the environment and the body.
it occurs in the lungs and occurs when the body takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and releases carbon dioxide
transport of gases
phase of respiration
the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the bloodstream and the lungs
hemoglobin
role of ____ in oxygen transport
it releases oxygen to cells during inhalation and binds to oxygen in red blood cells for transport in the bloodstream while carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs
internal respiration
phase of respiration
occurs in the body tissues, where cells release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen from the blood
cellular respiration
occurs after internal respiration and is the process by which cells produce energy (ATP) from oxygen and glucose.
it includes aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
which generates most of the body’s energy in the presence of oxygen
anaerobic respiration
which provides short-term energy when oxygen is low but is less efficient
simple diffusion
mode of respiration in invertebrates
takes place through the CELL MEMBRANE
integumentary exchange
mode of respiration in invertebrates
gases diffuse through the SKIN
gills
mode of respiration in invertebrates
respiration occurs through the GILLS
tracheal system
mode of respiration in invertebrates
air enters through openings called SPIRACLES and moves through TRACHEAL TUBES
book lungs
mode of respiration in invertebrates
thin sheets of respiratory tissue that exchange oxygen with a respiratory pigment (hemocyanin) in blood
lungs (modified)
mode of respiration in invertebrates
sac-like respiratory organs with branching tubes that delivers air to a respiratory surface
integumentary exchange, gills, and lungs
modes of respiration in vertebrates
vertebrate lungs
these are typically more complex and efficient
invertebrate lungs
these are often simpler and vary widely across different species
gas exchange
when oxygen enters the blood in the alveoli and is delivered to tissues, while carbon dioxide is expelled and enters the blood
vocalization
when air flowing through the vocal cords produces sound, known as phonation
protection
it’s when the nose filters out pathogens and particles from entering the airways
olfaction
when inhaled molecules stimulate _____ nerves in the nose, enabling the sense of smell
nasal cavity (nose)
upper part of the respiratory system
best entrance and exit of air into the respiratory system
cilia
this prevents unwanted particles from entering
pharynx (throat)
upper part of the respiratory system
it connects tge nasal and oral cavity to the larynx and esophagus
epiglottis
upper part of the respiratory system
prevents food from entering the windpipe
larynx
upper part of the respiratory system
also known as voice box
it contains vocal cords that are responsible for producing the voice
trachea (windpipe)
lower part of the respiratory system
it connects the larynx to the bronchi
bronchi and bronchioles
lower part of the respiratory system
it is the passageway of air into the lungs and these further stem into what they call _______
lungs
lower part of the respiratory system
a pair of cone-shaped organs made of pinkish-gray tissue.
responsible for taking in oxygen
pleura
the lungs are surrounded by a membrane called the _____
alveoli
lower part of the respiratory system
very small air sacs
this is where external respiration takes place
diaphragm
lower part of the respiratory system
strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
inhalation
it is an action when the diaphragm contracts and creates a vacuum which pulls air into the lungs
exhalation
it’s when the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape which pushes air out of the lungs
12-20
on average humans take about ____ breaths per minute