respiratory system

respiratory system

a biological system responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment, for homeostasis and energy production. it is composed of various organs and structures, whicu vary among different animal species.

respiratory system

it has different functions such as: gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, temperature regulation, and defense mechanism

1. pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

• phase of respiration

• the process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration (exhalation)

inspiration

air enters the bodt through the nose or mouth, traveling down the trachea and into the bronchi, branching into smaller bronchioles and the alveoli

expiration

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, pushing air out of the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide

2. external respiration

• phase of respiration

• gas exchange between the environment and the body.

• it occurs in the lungs and occurs when the body takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and releases carbon dioxide

3. transport of gases

• phase of respiration

• the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the bloodstream and the lungs

hemoglobin

• role of ____ in oxygen transport

• it releases oxygen to cells during inhalation and binds to oxygen in red blood cells for transport in the bloodstream while carrying carbon dioxide back to the lungs

4. internal respiration

• phase of respiration

• occurs in the body tissues, where cells release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen from the blood

cellular respiration

• occurs after internal respiration and is the process by which cells produce energy (ATP) from oxygen and glucose.

• it includes aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

which generates most of the body’s energy in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

which provides short-term energy when oxygen is low but is less efficient

simple diffusion

• mode of respiration in invertebrates

• takes place through the CELL MEMBRANE

integumentary exchange

• mode of respiration in invertebrates

• gases diffuse through the SKIN

gills

• mode of respiration in invertebrates

• respiration occurs through the GILLS

tracheal system

• mode of respiration in invertebrates

• air enters through openings called SPIRACLES and moves through TRACHEAL TUBES

book lungs

• mode of respiration in invertebrates

• thin sheets of respiratory tissue that exchange oxygen with a respiratory pigment (hemocyanin) in blood

lungs (modified)

• mode of respiration in invertebrates

• sac-like respiratory organs with branching tubes that delivers air to a respiratory surface

integumentary exchange, gills, and lungs

modes of respiration in vertebrates

vertebrate lungs

these are typically more complex and efficient

invertebrate lungs

these are often simpler and vary widely across different species

gas exchange

when oxygen enters the blood in the alveoli and is delivered to tissues, while carbon dioxide is expelled and enters the blood

vocalization

when air flowing through the vocal cords produces sound, known as phonation

protection

it’s when the nose filters out pathogens and particles from entering the airways

olfaction

when inhaled molecules stimulate _____ nerves in the nose, enabling the sense of smell

nasal cavity (nose)

• upper part of the respiratory system

• best entrance and exit of air into the respiratory system

cilia

this prevents unwanted particles from entering

pharynx (throat)

• upper part of the respiratory system

• it connects tge nasal and oral cavity to the larynx and esophagus

epiglottis

• upper part of the respiratory system

• prevents food from entering the windpipe

larynx

• upper part of the respiratory system

• also known as voice box

• it contains vocal cords that are responsible for producing the voice

trachea (windpipe)

• lower part of the respiratory system

• it connects the larynx to the bronchi

bronchi and bronchioles

• lower part of the respiratory system

• it is the passageway of air into the lungs and these further stem into what they call _______

lungs

• lower part of the respiratory system

• a pair of cone-shaped organs made of pinkish-gray tissue.

• responsible for taking in oxygen

pleura

the lungs are surrounded by a membrane called the _____

alveoli

• lower part of the respiratory system

• very small air sacs

• this is where external respiration takes place

diaphragm

• lower part of the respiratory system

• strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

inhalation

it is an action when the diaphragm contracts and creates a vacuum which pulls air into the lungs

exhalation

it’s when the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its dome-like shape which pushes air out of the lungs

12-20

on average humans take about ____ breaths per minute